The multi-channel infrared sea truth radiometric calibrator (MISTRC)
M.J. Suarez, W. J. Emery, G.A. Wick
1997, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (42) 22-25
A new multichannel infrared sea truth radiometer has been designed and built to improve validation of satellite-determined sea surface temperature. Horizontal grid polarized filters installed on the shortwave channels are very effective in reducing reflected solar radiation and in improving the noise characteristics. The system uses a continuous (every other...
Trout production dynamics and water quality in Minnesota streams
T.J. Kwak, T.F. Waters
1997, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (126) 35-48
We sampled fish assemblages and quantified production dynamics of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in 13 southeastern Minnesota streams during 1988–1990 to examine the influence of water quality on fish populations in fertile trout streams. Fish assemblages in 15 stream reaches were abundant,...
Clarification of effects of DDE on shell thickness, size, mass, and shape of avian eggs
Lawrence J. Blus, Stanley N. Wiemeyer, Christine M. Bunck
1997, Environmental Pollution (95) 67-74
Moriarty et al. (1986) used field data to conclude that DDE decreased the size or altered the shape of avian eggs; therefore, they postulated that decreased eggshell thickness was a secondary effect because, as a general rule, thickness and egg size are positively correlated. To further test this relationship, the...
NDVI, C3 and C4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes
L.L. Tieszen, Bradley C. Reed, Norman B. Bliss, Bruce K. Wylie, Benjamin D. DeJong
1997, Ecological Applications (7) 59-78
The distributions of C3 and C4 grasses were used to interpret the distribution, seasonal performance, and potential production of grasslands in the Great Plains of North America. Thirteen major grassland seasonal land cover classes were studied with data from three distinct sources. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from...
Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida, U.S.A
Donald R. Cahoon, J.C. Lynch
1997, Mangroves and Salt Marshes (1) 173-186
Simultaneous measurements of vertical accretion from artificial soil marker horizons and soil elevation change from sedimentation-erosion table (SET) plots were used to evaluate the processes related to soil building in range, basin, and overwash mangrove forests located in a low-energy lagoon which recieves minor inputs of terregenous sediments. Vertical accretion...
Long-term limnological data from the larger lakes of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA
E.C. Theriot, S.C. Fritz, Robert E. Gresswell
1997, Arctic and Alpine Research (29) 304-314
Long-term limnological data from the four largest lakes in Yellowstone National Park (Yellowstone, Lewis, Shoshone, Heart) are used to characterize their limnology and patterns of temporal and spatial variability. Heart Lake has distinctively high concentrations of dissolved materials, apparently reflecting high thermal inputs. Shoshone and Lewis lakes have the highest...
Shorebird diet and size selection of nereid polychaetes in South Carolina coastal diked wetlands
Louise M. Weber, Susan M. Haig
1997, Journal of Field Ornithology (68) 358-366
Coastal wetlands that are diked and managed may supplement declining natural habitat for migrating shorebirds (Charadriiformes). However, data on shorebird diet in these diked wetlands are scarce. We examined shorebird diet and prey size selection in brackish diked wetlands at the Yawkey Center on South Island, South Carolina, USA. Gut...
Beryllium geochemistry in soils: Evaluation of 10Be/9Be ratios in authigenic minerals as a basis for age models
E. Barg, D. Lal, M.J. Pavich, M.W. Caffee, J. R. Southon
1997, Chemical Geology (140) 237-258
Soils contain a diverse and complex set of chemicals and minerals. Being an 'open system', both in the chemical and nuclear sense, soils have defied quantitative nuclear dating. However, based on the published studies of the cosmogenic atmospheric 10Be in soils, its relatively long half-life (1.5 Ma), and the fact...
Potential effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems of the Great Plains of North America
A.P. Covich, S.C. Fritz, P.J. Lamb, R.D. Marzolf, W.J. Matthews, K.A. Poiani, E.E. Prepas, M.B. Richman, T. C. Winter
1997, Hydrological Processes (11) 993-1021
The Great Plains landscape is less topographically complex than most other regions within North America, but diverse aquatic ecosystems, such as playas, pothole lakes, ox-bow lakes, springs, groundwater aquifers, intermittent and ephemeral streams, as well as large rivers and wetlands, are highly dynamic and responsive to extreme climatic fluctuations. We...
Amplitude versus offset modeling of the bottom simulating reflection associated with submarine gas hydrates
K. Andreassen, P. E. Hart, M. MacKay
1997, Conference Paper, Marine Geology
A bottom simulating seismic reflection (BSR) that parallels the sea floor occurs worldwide on seismic profiles from outer continental margins. The BSR coincides with the base of the gas hydrate stability field and is commonly used as indicator of natural submarine gas hydrates. Despite the widespread assumption that the BSR...
Wind assistance: A requirement for migration of shorebirds?
Robert W. Butler, Tony D. Williams, Nils Warnock, Mary Anne Bishop
1997, The Auk (114) 456-466
We investigated the importance of wind-assisted flight for northward (spring) migration by Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) along the Pacific Coast of North America. Using current models of energy costs of flight and recent data on the phenology of migration, we estimated the energy (fat) requirements for migration in calm winds...
Spring prey use by double-crested cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine, USA
B.F. Blackwell, W.B. Krohn, N.R. Dube, A.J. Godin
1997, Waterbirds (20) 77-86
We analyzed 2 sets of data for Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) stomach contents (including esophageal contents) that were collected from April through June of 1986-1988 (N = 580) and 1992-1993 (N = 200) on the Penobscot River, Maine. Our objectives were to examine temporal and spatial variation in the spring...
Correlated errors in geodetic time series: Implications for time-dependent deformation
J. Langbein, H. Johnson
1997, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (102) 591-603
Analysis of frequent trilateration observations from the two-color electronic distance measuring networks in California demonstrate that the noise power spectra are dominated by white noise at higher frequencies and power law behavior at lower frequencies. In contrast, Earth scientists typically have assumed that only white noise is present in a...
A study of the temporal variability of atrazine in private well water. Part I: Study design, implementation, and database development
M. Lorber, Kevin Johnson, B. Kross, P. Pinsky, L. Burmeister, M. Thurman, A. Wilkins, G. Hallberg
1997, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (47) 175-195
In 1988, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, along with the University of Iowa conducted the Statewide Rural Well Water Survey, commonly known as SWRL. A total of 686 private rural drinking water wells was selected by use of a probability sample and tested for pesticides and nitrates. Sixty-eight of...
Evaluation of field and laboratory research on scour at bridge piers in the United States
David S. Mueller, J. Sterling Jones
1997, Conference Paper, Proceedings, Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, IAHR
The Federal Highway Administration sponsored a laboratory research at Colorado State University and field data collection with the US Geological Survey, to evaluate the effects of bed material on the depth of scour. Correction factors are compared to include the effect of bed material in the HEC-18 equation. The HEC-18...
Debris-flow hazard map units from gridded probabilities
Russell H. Campbell, Richard L. Bernknopf
1997, Conference Paper, International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment, Proceedings
The common statistical practice of dividing a range of probabilities into equal probability intervals may not result in useful landslide-hazard map units for areas populated by equal-area cells, each of which has a unique probability. Most hazard map areas contain very large numbers of cells having low probability of failure,...
Scale and modeling issues in water resources planning
H.F. Lins, D.M. Wolock, G.J. McCabe
1997, Climatic Change (37) 63-88
Resource planners and managers interested in utilizing climate model output as part of their operational activities immediately confront the dilemma of scale discordance. Their functional responsibilities cover relatively small geographical areas and necessarily require data of relatively high spatial resolution. Climate models cover a large geographical, i.e. global, domain and...
The use of bulk collectors in monitoring wet deposition at high-altitude sites in winter
A.J. Ranalli, J.T. Turk, K. Campbell
1997, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution (95) 237-255
Concentrations of dissolved ions from samples collected by wet/dry collectors were compared to those collected by bulk collectors at Halfmoon Creek and Ned Wilson Lake in western Colorado to determine if bulk collectors can be used to monitor wet deposition chemistry in remote, high-altitude regions in winter. Hydrogen-ion concentration was...
Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
J. J. Clague, E. Naesgaard, A.R. Nelson
1997, Canadian Geotechnical Journal (34) 53-62
In late 1994, sand dykes, large sand blows, and deformed strata were exposed in the walls of an excavation at Annacis Island on the Fraser River delta near Vancouver, British Columbia. The features record liquefaction during a large earthquake about 1700 years ago; this was perhaps the largest earthquake to...
What a = 1/298 and C/Ma2 = 0.333 really tell us about the Earth
J. F. Evernden
1997, Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth (33) 162-170
The discussion in the several versions of The Earth by Jeffreys (third edition, 1952, for example) [1] relative to the ellipticity of the Earth does not demonstrate, as generally believed, that the Earth has the shape of a rotating liquid. His development in conjunction with the work of H. Lamb...
Geochemistry and stratigraphic correlation of basalt lavas beneath the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
M.F. Reed, R. C. Bartholomay, S.S. Hughes
1997, Environmental Geology (30) 108-119
Thirty-nine samples of basaltic core were collected from wells 121 and 123, located approximately 1.8 km apart north and south of the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Samples were collected from depths ranging from 15 to 221 m below land surface for the purpose of...
Uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains and the bedrock beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet
Uri S. ten Brink, R.I. Hackney, S. Bannister, T.A. Stern, Y. Makovsky
1997, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (102) 27603-27621
In recent years the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM), the largest noncontractional mountain belt in the world, have become the focus of modelers who explained their uplift by a variety of isostatic and thermal mechanisms. A problem with these models is a lack of available data to compare with model predictions. We...
Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams
H.E. Jobson
1997, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (123) 971-978
The possibility of a contaminant being accidentally or intentionally spilled in a river is a constant concern to those using the water. Methods are developed to estimate: (1) the velocity of a contaminant in a river; (2) the rate of attenuation of the peak concentration of a conservative contaminant; and...
Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring
A. J. Horowitz
1997, Conference Paper, Analyst
Modern analytical instrumentation is capable of measuring a variety of trace elements at concentrations down into the single or double digit parts-per-trillion (ng l-1) range. This holds for the three most common sample media currently used in environmental monitoring programs: filtered water, whole-water and separated suspended sediment. Unfortunately, current analytical...
Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska
David H. Ward, Carl J. Markon, David C. Douglas
1997, Aquatic Botany (58) 229-240
Spatial change in eelgrass meadows, Zostera marina L., was assessed between 1978 and 1987 and between 1987 and 1995 at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. Change in total extent was evaluated through a map to map comparison of data interpreted from a 1978 Landsat multi-spectral scanner image and 1987 black and white...
