Radarclinometry: Bootstrapping the radar reflectance function from the image pixel-signal frequency distribution and an altimetry profile
R.L. Wildey
1988, Earth, Moon and Planets (41) 223-240
A method is derived for determining the dependence of radar backscatter on incidence angle that is applicable to the region corresponding to a particular radar image. The method is based on enforcing mathematical consistency between the frequency distribution of the image's pixel signals (histogram of DN values with suitable normalizations)...
Assimilation of granite by basaltic magma at Burnt Lava flow, Medicine Lake volcano, northern California: Decoupling of heat and mass transfer
T.L. Grove, R.J. Kinzler, M. B. Baker, J.M. Donnelly-Nolan, C.E. Lesher
1988, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (99) 320-343
At Medicine Lake volcano, California, andesite of the Holocene Burnt Lava flow has been produced by fractional crystallization of parental high alumina basalt (HAB) accompanied by assimilation of granitic crustal material. Burnt Lava contains inclusions of quenched HAB liquid, a potential parent magma of the andesite, highly melted granitic crustal...
Range indices of geomagnetic activity
W.F. Stuart, A.W. Green Jr.
1988, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (50) 501-506
The simplest index of geomagnetic activity is the range in nT from maximum to minimum value of the field in a given time interval. The hourly range R was recommended by IAGA for use at observatories at latitudes greater than 65??, but was superceded by AE. The most used geomagnetic...
Spatial variation of crustal coda Q in California
W.S. Philips, W.H.K. Lee, J.T. Newberry
1988, Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH (128) 251-260
Coda wave data from California microearthquakes were studied in order to delineate regional fluctuations of apparent crustal attenuation in the band 1.5 to 24 Hz. Apparent attenuation was estimated using a single back scattering model of coda waves. The coda wave data were restricted to ???30 s following the origin...
General solutions For viscoplastic debris flow
Cheng-lung Chen
1988, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (114) 259-282
Theoretical velocity profile and theoretical pressure and concentration distributions for (steady) uniform debris flow in wide channels are derived from a generalized viscoplastic fluid (GVF) model without imposing R. A. Bagnold's assumption of constant grain concentration. Good agreement between the theoretical velocity profile and the experimental data of Japanese scientists...
Normalization of oxygen and hydrogen isotope data
T.B. Coplen
1988, Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience Section (72) 293-297
To resolve confusion due to expression of isotopic data from different laboratories on non-corresponding scales, oxygen isotope analyses of all substances can be expressed relative to VSMOW or VPDB (Vienna Peedee belemnite) on scales normalized such that the δ18O of SLAP is −55.5% relative to VSMOW.H3+ contribution in hydrogen isotope ratio analysis can...
Detailed record of SO2 emissions from Pu'u `O`o between episodes 33 and 34 of the 1983-86 ERZ eruption, Kilauea, Hawaii
T.A. Chartier, William I. Rose Jr., J. B. Stokes
1988, Bulletin of Volcanology (50) 215-228
A tripod-mounted correlation spectrometer was used to measure SO2 emissions from Pu`u `O`o vent, mid-ERZ, Kilauea, Hawaii between Episodes 33 and 34 (June 13 to July 6, 1985). In 24 repose days, 906 measurements were collected, averaging 38 determinations/day. Measurements reflect 13% of the total 576 hours of the repose...
Search for volatiles on icy satellites: I. Europa
R. H. Brown, D. P. Cruikshank, A. T. Tokunaga, R. G. Smith, Roger N. Clark
1988, Icarus (74) 262-271
New reflectance spectra have been obtained for both the leading and trailing sides of Europa, using the Cooled Grating Array Spectrometer (CGAS) of the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). The spectra are of higher precision than any yet obtained. Spectra of Europa's trailing side (central meridian longitude ≈300°) obtained in...
The information content of high-frequency seismograms and the near-surface geologic structure of "hard rock" recording sites
E. Cranswick
1988, Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH (128) 333-363
Due to hardware developments in the last decade, the high-frequency end of the frequency band of seismic waves analyzed for source mechanisms has been extended into the audio-frequency range (>20 Hz). In principle, the short wavelengths corresponding to these frequencies can provide information about the details of seismic sources, but...
Thermal regime of the State 2-14 well, Salton Sea Scientific Drilling Project
J.H. Sass, S. S. Priest, L.E. Duda, C.C. Carson, J. D. Hendricks, L.C. Robison
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 12995-13004
Temperature logs were made repeatedly during breaks in drilling and both during and after flow tests in the Salton Sea Scientific Drilling Project well (State 2–14). The purpose of these logs was to assist in identifying zones of fluid loss or grain and to characterize reservoir temperatures. At the conclusion...
Pedogenic replacement of aluminosilicate grains by CaCO3 in Ustollic Haplargids, south-central Montana, U.S.A.
Marith C. Reheis
1988, Geoderma (41) 243-261
A chronosequence of calcic soils formed on granitic glaciofluvial terrace deposits of Rock Creek and the Clarks Fork in south-central Montana shows progressive replacement of aluminosilicate parent-material grains by calcium-magnesium carbonate. The terraces range from late Pliocene to Holocene in age as dated by tephrochronology, correlation, and stream incision rates....
Determining baseline element composition of lichens. I. Parmelia sulcata at Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota
L. P. Gough, R. C. Severson, L. L. Jackson
1988, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution (38) 157-167
Element-concentration baselines are given for Parmelia sulcata and associated soils. Parmelia chlorochroa was found sporadically and therefore only representative concentration ranges are reported for this species. Element data include (1) for lichens; Al, As, Ba, B, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Sr, S, Ti, V, Y, and Zn; and (2) for...
Correlation diagrams in 40 Ar/39Ar dating: is there a correct choice?
G. B. Dalrymple, M. A. Lanphere, M. S. Pringle
1988, Geophysical Research Letters (15) 589-591
Contrary to published assertions, the two types of correlation diagrams used in the interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar incremental-heating data yield the same information provided the correct mathematics are used for estimating correlation coefficients and for the least squares fit. The choice is simply between two illustrative, graphical displays,...
The Argos seismic data message system
J.S. Derr, R.N. Hunter
1988, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (78) 1000-1005
A reliable, inexpensive method for sending limited daily seismic data messages from remote observatories to the National Earthquake Information Center has been developed for use with the Argos satellite system. Data messages are compressed on a microcomputer and passed automatically to a simple transmitter. About 4 hr later, the data...
Making maps with computers
S.C. Guptill, L.E. Starr
1988, American Scientist (76) 136-142
Soon after their introduction in the 1950s, digital computers were used for various phases of the mapping process, especially for trigonometric calculations of survey data and for orientation of aerial photographs on map manuscripts. In addition, computer-controlled plotters were used to draw simple outline maps. The process of collecting data...
The mechanics of ground deformation precursory to dome-building extrusions at Mount St. Helens 1981-1982
W.W. Chadwick Jr., R.J. Archuleta, D. A. Swanson
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 4351-4366
Detailed monitoring at Mount St. Helens since 1980 has enabled prediction of the intermittent eruptive activity (mostly dome growth) with unprecedented success. During 1981 and 1982, accelerating deformation of the crater floor around the vent (including radial cracks, thrust faults, and ground tilt) was the earliest indicator of impending activity....
A statistical method for estimating rates of soil development and ages of geologic deposits: A design for soil-chronosequence studies
P. Switzer, J.W. Harden, R. K. Mark
1988, Mathematical Geology (20) 49-61
A statistical method for estimating rates of soil development in a given region based on calibration from a series of dated soils is used to estimate ages of soils in the same region that are not dated directly. The method is designed specifically to account for sampling procedures and uncertainties...
Short-term trends in sulfate deposition at selected bulk precipitation stations in New York
R.M. Hirsch, N.E. Peters
1988, Atmospheric Environment (22) 1175-1178
Trends in rainfall-adjusted sulfate concentration were assessed for 5-yr subrecords of the 14.5–17 yr of monthly bulk-deposition data from five stations in New York by using the seasonal Kendall test. For the 5-yr subrecord from 1978 to 1982, the trends for the bulk deposition were similar to those for weekly...
Conductive heat flux in VC-1 and the thermal regime of Valles caldera, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico
J.H. Sass, P. Morgan
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 6027-6039
Over 5% of heat in the western United States is lost through Quaternary silicic volcanic centers, including the Valles caldera in north central New Mexico. These centers are the sites of major hydrothermal activity and upper crustal metamorphism, metasomatism, and mineralization, producing associated geothermal resources. We present new heat flow...
Using laser micro mass spectrometry with the LAMMA-1000 instrument for monitoring relative elemental concentrations in vitrinite
J.J. Morelli, D.M. Hercules, P.C. Lyons, C.A. Palmer, J.D. Fletcher
1988, Mikrochimica Acta (96) 105-118
The variation in relative elemental concentrations among a series of coal macerals belonging to the vitrinite maceral group was determined using laser micro mass spectrometry (LAMMS). Variations in Ba, Cr, Ga, Sr, Ti, and V concentrations among the coals were determined using the LAMM A-1000 instrument. LAMMS analysis is not...
Anomalous shear wave attenuation in the shallow crust beneath the Coso volcanic region, California
C. Sanders, P. Ho-Liu, D. Rinn, Kanamori Hiroo
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 3321-3338
We use seismograms of local earthquakes to image relative shear wave attenuation structure in the shallow crust beneath the region containing the Coso volcanic-geothermal area of eastern California. SV and P wave amplitudes were measured from vertical component seismograms of earthquakes that occurred in the Cososouthem Sierra Nevada region from July 1983 to August...
Analytical approach to calculation of response spectra from seismological models of ground motion
Erdal Safak
1988, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics (16) 121-134
An analytical approach to calculate response spectra from seismological models of ground motion is presented. Seismological models have three major advantages over empirical models: (1) they help in an understanding of the physics of earthquake mechanisms, (2) they can be used to predict ground motions for future earthquakes and (3)...
Late Wisconsinan-Holocene paleogeography of Delaware Bay; a large coastal plain estuary
H.J. Knebel, C.H. Fletcher III, J.C. Kraft
1988, Marine Geology (83) 115-133
Analyses of an extensive grid of seismic reflection profiles along with previously published core data and modern sedimentary environment information from surrounding coastal areas permit an outline of the paleogeography of the large Delaware Bay estuary during the last transgression of sea level. During late Wisconsinan times, the Delaware River...
Thermochronology of economic mineral deposits: Dating the stages of mineralization at Panasqueira, Portugal, by high-precision 40Ar/ 39Ar age spectrum techniques on muscovite
L.W. Snee, J. F. Sutter, W.C. Kelly
1988, Economic Geology (83) 335-354
40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectrum dates for 13 muscovites have been used to reconstruct the thermal history (thermochronology) of the Panasqueira, Portugal, tin-tungsten deposit, a deposit spatially associated with a belt of Hercynian plutons. Muscovite samples with an age difference as small as 2.2 m.y. (0.7% of the age) are statistically distinct....
Determining the distribution of hydraulic conductivity in a fractured limestone aquifer by simultaneous injection and geophysical logging
Roger H. Morin, A.E. Hess, Frederick L. Paillet
1988, Ground Water (26) 587-595
A field technique for assessing the vertical distribution of hydraulic conductivity in an aquifer was applied to a fractured carbonate formation in southeastern Nevada. The technique combines the simultaneous use of fluid injection and geophysical logging to measure in situ vertical distributions of fluid velocity and hydraulic head down the...
