Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States
D. Schimel, J. Melillo, H. Tian, A. D. McGuire, D. Kicklighter, T. Kittel, N. Rosenbloom, S. Running, P. Thornton, D. Ojima, W. Parton, R. Kelly, M. Sykes, R. Neilson, B. Rizzo
2000, Science (287) 2004-2006
The effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and climate on net carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States for the period 1895-1993 were modeled with new, detailed historical climate information. For the period 1980-1993, results from an ensemble of three models agree within 25%, simulating a land...
Influences of dietary uptake and reactive sulfides on metal bioavailability from aquatic sediments
B.-G. Lee, Sarah B. Griscom, H.J. Choi, C.-H. Koh, James A. Luoma, Nicholas S. Fisher
2000, Science (287) 282-284
Understanding how animals are exposed to the large repository of metal pollutants in aquatic sediments is complicated and is important in regulatory decisions. Experiments with four types of invertebrates showed that feeding behavior and dietary uptake control bioaccumulation of cadmium, silver, nickel, and zinc. Metal concentrations in animal tissue correlated...
Hydrogen defects in α-Al2O3 and water weakening of sapphire and alumina ceramics between 600°C and 1000°C: II. Mechanical properties
J. Castaing, A. K. Kronenberg, S. H. Kirby, T. E. Mitchell
2000, Acta Materialia (48) 1495-1504
Hydrogen impurities in alumina have been introduced by hydrothermal annealing (see part I). In this paper, we report on reductions in the flow strength of α-Al2O3 single crystals and polycrystals associated with hydrogen incorporation. Prior to deformation, α-Al2O3 single crystal and ceramic specimens were annealed in the presence of supercritical water at 850° or...
Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska
E.G Emmenegger, T.R. Meyers, T.O. Burton, Gael Kurath
2000, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms (40) 163-176
Forty-two infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) isolates from Alaska were analyzed using the ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and nucleotide sequencing. RPA analyses, utilizing 4 probes, N5, N3 (N gene), GF (G gene), and NV (NV gene), determined that the haplotypes of all 3 genes demonstrated a consistent spatial pattern. Virus...
Swimming performance of larval robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum and low-velocity habitat modeling in the Oconee River, Georgia
Carl R. Ruetz III, Cecil A. Jennings
2000, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (129) 398-407
The robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum occurs in an 85-km stretch of the Oconee River, Georgia, downstream of a hydropower dam. The population consists primarily of older individuals and recruitment in recent years has been minimal. Operation of the hydropower dam may have affected recruitment negatively by displacing newly hatched larvae...
Geology in the 1996 USGS seismic-hazard maps, central and eastern United States
R. L. Wheeler, A. Frankel
2000, Seismological Research Letters (71) 273-282
The current (1996) national probabilistic seismic-hazard maps utilize information about geologic structure and tectonics of the central and eastern U.S. to compensate for uncertainty that arises from the short seismicity record. Geology was incorporated into the maps mainly as seven source zones that are delineated in three distinct ways. The...
Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii
Thierry M. Work, J. Gregory Massey, Bruce A. Rideout, Chris H. Gardiner, David B. Ledig, O. C. H. Kwok, J. P. Dubey
2000, Journal of Wildlife Diseases (36) 205-212
The ‘Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis) is the most endangered corvid in the world, and intensive efforts are being made to reintroduce it to its former native range in Hawaii. We diagnosed Toxoplasma gondii infection in five free-ranging ‘Alala. One ‘Alala, recaptured from the wild because it was underweight and depressed, was...
Mode of occurrence of arsenic in four US coals
A. Kolker, Frank E. Huggins, C.A. Palmer, N. Shah, S.S. Crowley, G.P. Huffman, R. B. Finkelman
2000, Fuel Processing Technology (63) 167-178
An integrated analytical approach has been used to determine the mode of occurrence of arsenic in samples of four widely used US coals: the Pittsburgh, Illinois #6, Elkhorn/Hazard, and Wyodak. Results from selective leaching, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, and electron microprobe analysis show that pyrite is the principal...
Field guide to malformations of frogs and toads: with radiographic interpretations
Carol U. Meteyer
2000, Biological Science Report 2000-0005
In 1995, students found numerous malformed frogs on a field trip to a Minnesota pond. Since that time, reports of malformed frogs have increased dramatically. Malformed frogs have now been reported in 44 states in 38 species of frogs, and 19 species of toads. Estimates as high as 60% of...
Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA
D.E. Powell, R.G. Rada, J.G. Wiener, G.J. Atchison
2000, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (19) 1523-1531
Cadmium was quantified in the surface sediments of six seepage lakes ranging from 8 to 70 ha in surface area, 6 to 20 m in maximum depth, 5.2 to 7.0 in mean epilimnetic pH, and 1.7 to 6.8 mg·L−1 in dissolved organic carbon. Within each lake, dry-weight concentrations of cadmium (range,...
Detection of tetrabromobisphenol a and formation of brominated 13C-bisphenol A'S in commercial drinking water stored in reusable polycarbonate containers
P.H. Peterman, C.E. Orazio, R.W. Gale
2000, ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints (40) 431-433
[No abstract available]...
The hazards of eruptions through lakes and seawater
L.G. Mastin, J.B. Witter
2000, Book, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
Eruptions through crater lakes or shallow seawater, referred to here as subaqueous eruptions, present hazards from hydromagmatic explosions, such as base surges, lahars, and tsunamis, which may not exist at volcanoes on dry land. We have systematically compiled information from eruptions through surface water in order to understand the circumstances...
Surface ages and resurfacing rates of the Polar Layered Deposits on Mars
Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, Jeffrey J. Plaut
2000, Icarus (144) 243-253
Interpretation of the polar stratigraphy of Mars in terms of global climate changes is complicated by the significant difference in surface ages between the north and south polar layered terrains inferred from crater statistics. We have reassessed the cratering record in both polar regions using Viking Orbiter and Mariner 9 images. No craters have...
New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, April-June 2000
Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey
2000, Report
A list of USGS publications and articles by U.S. Geological Survey personnel in non-U.S. Geological Survey journals and books that were published in April to June of the year 2000....
Development of Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion Maps
E. V. Leyendecker, R. J. Hunt, A.D. Frankel, K.S. Rukstales
2000, Earthquake Spectra (16) 21-40
The 1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings use a design procedure that is based on spectral response acceleration rather than the traditional peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, or zone factors. The spectral response accelerations are obtained from maps prepared following the recommendations of the Building Seismic Safety...
Modeling annual mallard production in the prairie-parkland region
M.W. Miller
2000, Journal of Wildlife Management (64) 561-575
Biologists have proposed several environmental factors that might influence production of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) nesting in the prairie-parkland region of the United States and Canada. These factors include precipitation, cold spring temperatures, wetland abundance, and upland breeding habitat. I used long-term historical data sets of climate, wetland numbers, agricultural land...
New records of sylvatic plague in Kansas
J.F. Cully Jr., L.G. Carter, K.L. Gage
2000, Journal of Wildlife Diseases (36) 389-392
Sylvatic plague, or plague of wild rodents is caused by Yersinia pestis and entered California (USA) from Asia about 1899. Extensive sampling during the 1930's and 1940's documented the spread of plague to approximately its current distribution in North America. Records from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention document plague in...
Broadcast application of a placebo rodenticide bait in a native Hawaiian forest
P.A. Dunlevy, E. Wm. Campbell III, G.D. Lindsey
2000, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation (45) 199-208
This study consisted of three replicates of controlled field trials using a pelletized placebo (Ramik?? Green formulated without diphacinone) bait treated with a biological marker and broadcast at three application rates - 11.25, 22.5 and 33.75 kg/ha. We determined that Polynesian (Rattus exulans) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) consumed this...
Plants as indicators of focused ground water discharge to a northern Minnesota lake
D.O. Rosenberry, Robert G. Striegl, D.C. Hudson
2000, Ground Water (38) 296-303
Determining the discharge of ground water to Shingobee Lake (66 ha), north-central Minnesota, is complicated by the presence of numerous springs situated adjacent to the lake and in the shallow portion of the lakebed. Springs first had to be located before these areas of more rapid discharge could be quantified....
The use of waveform shapes to automatically determine earthquake focal depth
S.A. Sipkin
2000, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (90) 248-254
Earthquake focal depth is an important parameter for rapidly determining probable damage caused by a large earthquake. In addition, it is significant both for discriminating between natural events and explosions and for discriminating between tsunamigenic and nontsunamigenic earthquakes. For the purpose of notifying emergency management and disaster relief organizations as...
A new global 1-km dataset of percentage tree cover derived from remote sensing
R.S. DeFries, M.C. Hansen, J.R.G. Townshend, A.C. Janetos, Thomas R. Loveland
2000, Global Change Biology (6) 247-254
Accurate assessment of the spatial extent of forest cover is a crucial requirement for quantifying the sources and sinks of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. In the more immediate context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, implementation of the Kyoto Protocol calls for estimates of carbon stocks...
New site coefficients and site classification system used in recent building seismic code provisions
R. Dobry, R. D. Borcherdt, C.B. Crouse, I.M. Idriss, W. B. Joyner, G. R. Martin, M.S. Power, E.E. Rinne, R.B. Seed
2000, Earthquake Spectra (16) 41-67
Recent code provisions for buildings and other structures (1994 and 1997 NEHRP Provisions, 1997 UBC) have adopted new site amplification factors and a new procedure for site classification. Two amplitude-dependent site amplification factors are specified: Fa for short periods and Fv for longer periods. Previous codes included only a...
Geochemistry of the Springfield Plateau aquifer of the Ozark Plateaus Province in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma, USA
J.C. Adamski
2000, Hydrological Processes (14) 849-866
Geochemical data indicate that the Springfield Plateau aquifer, a carbonate aquifer of the Ozark Plateaus Province in central USA, has two distinct hydrochemical zones. Within each hydrochemical zone, water from springs is geochemically and isotopically different than water from wells. Geochemical data indicate that spring water generally interacts less with...
USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps
A.D. Frankel, C.S. Mueller, T. P. Barnhard, E. V. Leyendecker, R. L. Wesson, S. C. Harmsen, F. W. Klein, D. M. Perkins, N.C. Dickman, S.L. Hanson, M. G. Hopper
2000, Earthquake Spectra (16) 1-19
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed new probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii. These hazard maps form the basis of the probabilistic component of the design maps used in the 1997 edition of the NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and...
Consequences of slow growth for 230Th/U dating of Quaternary opals, Yucca Mountain, NV, USA
L.A. Neymark, J.B. Paces
2000, Chemical Geology (164) 143-160
Thermal ionization mass-spectrometry 234U/238U and 230Th/238U data are reported for uranium-rich opals coating fractures and cavities within the silicic tuffs forming Yucca Mountain, NV, the potential site of a high-level radioactive waste repository. High uranium concentrations (up to 207 ppm) and extremely high 230Th/232Th activity ratios (up to about 106)...
