ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL BITUMEN RESOURCES.
Richard F. Meyer, Christopher J. Schenk
1985, Conference Paper
The quantity of heavy hydrocarbons - heavy crude oil and natural bitumens - known or surmised to be present in the earth is large. The total is estimated to fall in the range of 5,879,712-5,942,139 million barrels. The portion of this that may ultimately prove recoverable is small, perhaps on...
Magadi-type chert, indicator of a lacustrine environment in the Middle Eocene McBean formation, South Carolina.
B. B. Houser
1985, Southeastern Geology (25) 185-197
Magadi-type chert (chert derived from magadiite) occurs in the basal part of the formation at three localities in Orangeburg and Calhoun Counties. These occurrences imply that the basal part of the McBean formation was deposited here in an alkaline lake with a high silica content. Formation and filling of the...
Mesozoic ash-flow caldera fragments in southeastern Arizona and their relation to porphyry copper deposits
P. W. Lipman, D.A. Sawyer
1985, Geology (13) 652-656
Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous volcanic and associated granitic rocks in southeast Arizona are remnants of large composite silicic volcanic fields, characterized by voluminous ash-flow tuffs and associated calderas. Presence of 10–15 large caldera fragments is inferred primarily from (1) ash-flow deposits more than...
U-Pb isochron age and Pb isotope systematics of the Golden Fleece vein; implications for the relationship of mineralization to the Lake City caldera, western San Juan Mountains, Colorado
K. Hon, K.R. Ludwig, K. R. Simmons, J. F. Slack, R. I. Grauch
1985, Economic Geology (80) 410-417
A U-Pb isochron age of 27.5 + or - 0.5 m.y. has been determined for the Golden Fleece vein, southwestern Colorado, which contains an assemblage of pitchblende and gold-silver tellurides unique within the Lake City area. Initial Pb isotope ratios of ore samples from the vein ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 19.08-19.58; 207 Pb/ 204 Pb =...
U-Pb isotopic evidence for the accretion of a continental microplate in the Zalm region of the Saudi Arabian Shield.
J. S. Stacey, R.A. Agar
1985, Journal of the Geological Society (142) 1189-1203
This area includes three of the main tectonic units of the Arabian Shield: the Afif continental terrain, the Nabitah suture with its associated mobile belt, and the Asir ensimatic arc terrain. U/Pb zircon data from a pelitic garnet-sillimanite gneiss show that the Kabib formation in the S of the Afif...
Low-frequency electrical properties
G.R. Olhoeft
1985, Geophysics (50) 2492-2503
In the interpretation of induced polarization data, it is commonly assumed that metallic mineral polarization dominantly or solely causes the observed response. However, at low frequencies, there is a variety of active chemical processes which involve the movement or transfer of electrical charge. Measurements of electrical properties at low frequencies...
Errors and parameter estimation in precipitation-runoff modeling: 1. Theory
Brent M. Troutman
1985, Water Resources Research (21) 1195-1213
Errors in complex conceptual precipitation-runoff models may be analyzed by placing them into a statistical framework. This amounts to treating the errors as random variables and defining the probabilistic structure of the errors. By using such a framework, a large array of techniques, many of which have been presented in...
Intraband radiometric performance of the Landsat Thematic Mappers.
H. H. Kieffer, D.A. Cook, E. M. Eliason, P.T. Eliason
1985, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (51) 1331-1350
Radiometric characteristics have been examined of the Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 Thematic Mappers (TMs) that can be established without absolute calibration of spectral data. This analysis is based on radiometrically and geometrically raw (B-type) data of both uniform (flat-field) and high-contrast scenes. Subscenes selected for uniform radiance were used to characterized...
Justification for a reduction in the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana
Richard A. Herbert, Darrell D. Carlson, Gregg J. Wiche
1985, Water Resources Bulletin (21) 953-965
The crest-stage gage program in Louisiana was evaluated to determine if the data were adequate for use in developing regional flood-frequency equations and to determine if any crest-stage gage stations could be discontinued. An abundance of data at many crest-stage gage stations and a lack of data for urban areas...
Phase relations and adiabats in boiling seafloor geothermal systems
J. L. Bischoff, Kenneth S. Pitzer
1985, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (75) 327-338
Observations of large salinity variations and vent temperatures in the range of 380–400°C suggest that boiling or two-phase separation may be occurring in some seafloor geothermal systems. Consideration of flow rates and the relatively small differences in density between vapors and...
Electrical Techniques for Engineering Applications
Robert J. Bisdorf
1985, Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists (22) 421-433
Surface electrical geophysical methods have been used in such engineering applications as locating and delineating shallow gravel deposits, depth to bedrock, faults, clay zones, and other geological phenomena. Other engineering applications include determining water quality, tracing ground water contaminant plumes and locating dam seepages. Various methods and electrode arrays are...
Late Holocene vegetation changes in Greenwater Valley, Mojave Desert, California
K.L. Cole, R. H. Webb
1985, Quaternary Research (23) 227-235
Small-scale late Holocene vegetation changes were determined from a series of 13 modern and fossil packrat middens collected from a site in the Greenwater Valley, northern Mojave Desert, California. Although the site is above the modern lower limit of Coleogyne ramosissima (black-brush), macrofossils of this shrub are only present in...
Description and origin of the lower part of the Mesaverde Group in Rifle Gap, Garfield County, Colorado.
D.J. Madden
1985, Mountain Geologist (22) 128-138
Rifle Gap cuts through the central part of the Grand Hogback and the gap exposes the entire Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group. The best outcrops are on the roadcuts through the coal-rich lower part of the group. These roadcuts border the Rifle Gap dam and reservoir on the southwest, where the...
Overview of hydrologic-data collection by the US Geological Survey in Oklahoma.
L.D. Hauth
1985, Oklahoma Geology Notes (45) 149-161
The US Geological Survey (USGS) collects hydrologic data from 1332 stream, lake, and ground-water sites in Oklahoma. Information on the quantity of water from a network of 123 streamflow stations, 30 lakes, 42 peak-flow stations, three low-flow stations, and on the quality of water from 40 stream locations is published...
Field determination of the three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity tensor of anisotropic media: 2. Methodology and application to fractured rocks
Paul A. Hsieh, Shlomo P. Neuman, Gary K. Stiles, Eugene S. Simpson
1985, Water Resources Research (21) 1667-1676
The analytical solutions developed in the first paper can be used to interpret the results of cross-hole tests conducted in anisotropic porous or fractured media. In the particular case where the injection and monitoring intervals are short relative to the distance between them, the test results can be analyzed graphically....
Correlation of ash-flow tuffs
W. Hildreth, G. Mahood
1985, Geological Society of America Bulletin (96) 968-974
Discrimination and correlation of ash-flow sheets is important in structurally complex, long-lived volcanic fields where such sheets provide the best keys to the regional stratigraphic framework. Three-dimensional complexities resulting from pulsatory eruptions, sectorial emplacement, mechanical sorting during outflow, thermal and compositional zoning of...
Significance of the Goniatite Bilinguites eliasi and Associated Biotas, Parkwood Formation and Bangor Limestone, Northwestern Alabama
T. W. Henry, M. Gordon Jr., S. P. Schweinfurth, W.H. Gillespie
1985, Journal of Paleontology (59) 1138-1145
The Bangor Limestone contains conodonts, smaller calcareous foraminifers, and a sparse marine macrofauna dating it as late or latest Chesterian (Late Mississippian). The Parkwood Formation, a paralic sequence disconformably overlying the Bangor, has yielded a fauna containing the reticuloceratid ammonoid Bilinguites eliasi Manger and Saunders which permits correlation of the...
Kinetic and thermodynamic factors controlling the distribution of SO32- and Na+ in calcites and selected aragonites
E. Busenberg, Niel Plummer
1985, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (49) 713-725
Significant amounts of SO42−, Na+, and OH− are incorporated in marine biogenic calcites. Biogenic high Mg-calcites average about 1 mole percent SO42−. Aragonites and most biogenic low Mg-calcites contain significant amounts of Na+, but very low concentrations of SO42−. The SO42− content of...
An underwater instrument for determining bearing capacity of shallow marine sediments
Ronald C. Circe
1985, Geotechnical Testing Journal (8) 96-98
A small, portable, underwater instrument for measuring carbonate substrate bearing capacity in situ is described. The device was used in various shallow water (< 9 m) carbonate reef environments. Criteria for design and operation were based on ability to deliver controlled levels of stress to bearing plates of various sizes,...
Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions
D.B. Rowley, A. Raymond, Judith T. Parrish, A.L. Lottes, C.R. Scotese, A.M. Ziegler
1985, International Journal of Coal Geology (5) 7-42
Two revised paleogeographic reconstructions of the Visean and Westphalian C-D stages are presented based on recent paleomagnetic, phytogeographic, stratigraphic, and tectonic data. These data change the positions of some continental blocks, and allow the definition of several new ones. The most...
A policy evaluation tool: Management of a multiaquifer system using controlled stream recharge
Wesley R. Danskin, Steven M. Gorelick
1985, Water Resources Research (21) 1731-1747
A model for the optimal allocation of water resources was developed for a multiaquifer groundwater and surface water system near Livermore, California. The complex groundwater system was analyzed using a transient, quasi-three-dimensional model that considers the nonlinear behavior of the unconfined aquifer. The surface water system consists of a reservoir...
Cemented horizon in subarctic Alaskan sand dunes: Discussion and reply
J. P. Galloway, E. A. Koster, T. D. Hamilton, George W. Cox
1985, American Journal of Science (285) 186-191
No abstract available....
Downstream dilution of a lahar: Transition from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow
Thomas C. Pierson, Kevin M. Scott
1985, Water Resources Research (21) 1511-1524
Nearly instantaneous melting of snow and ice by the March 19, 1982, eruption of Mount St. Helens released a 4 × 106 m3 flood of water from the crater that was converted to a lahar (volcanic debris flow) through erosion and incorporation of sediment by the time it reached the base of...
COMPUTER METHOD TO DETECT AND CORRECT CYCLE SKIPPING ON SONIC LOGS.
Douglas C. Muller
1985, Conference Paper, Transactions of the SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium (Society of Professional Well Log Analysts)
A simple but effective computer method has been developed to detect cycle skipping on sonic logs and to replace cycle skips with estimates of correct traveltimes. The method can be used to correct observed traveltime pairs from the transmitter to both receivers. The basis of the method is the linearity...
Evolution and present state of the hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera
M.L. Sorey
1985, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (90) 11219-11228
Evidence for previous periods of hydrothermal activity in Long Valley caldera exists in the form of extensive deposits of hydrothermal alteration products at several locations within the caldera and saline deposits in Searles Lake which contain mineral assemblages contributed by hot spring discharge from Long Valley. Hydrothermal activity was more...
