Case for periodic, colossal jokulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula
R. B. Waitt Jr.
1985, Geological Society of America Bulletin (96) 1271-1286
Two classes of field evidence firmly establish that late Wisconsin glacial Lake Missoula drained periodically as scores of colossal jökulhlaups (glacier-outburst floods). (1) More than 40 successive, flood-laid, sand-to-silt graded rhythmites accumulated in back-flooded valleys in southern Washington. Hiatuses are indicated between flood-laid...
Hydrogeologic comparison of an acidic-lake basin with a neutral-lake basin in the West-Central Adirondack Mountains, New York
N.E. Peters, Peter S. Murdoch
1985, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution (26) 387-402
Two small headwater lake basins that receive similar amounts of acidic atmospheric deposition have significantly different lake outflow pH values; pH at Panther Lake (neutral) ranges from about 4.7 to 7; that at Woods Lake (acidic) ranges from about 4.3 to 5. A hydrologic analysis, which included monthly water budgets,...
FINDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM ON COAL QUALITY.
Stanley P. Schweinfurth, Susan Garbini
1985, Conference Paper
The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been doing research on coal quality for almost a century. Most of the work of the USGS regarding coal went into efforts to assess the quantity of coal in the United States, not the quality. On April 9-11, 1985, the U. S. Geological...
Estimating neighborhood variability with a binary comparison matrix.
D.L. Murphy
1985, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (51) 667-674
A technique which utilizes a binary comparison matrix has been developed to implement a neighborhood function for a raster format data base. The technique assigns an index value to the center pixel of 3- by 3-pixel neighborhoods. The binary comparison matrix provides additional information not found in two other neighborhood...
The Dunbar Gneiss-granitoid dome: Implications for early Proterozoic tectonic evolution of northern Wisconsin
P.K. Sims, Z. E. Peterman, K. J. Schulz
1985, Geological Society of America Bulletin (96) 1101-1112
The Dunbar dome in northeastern Wisconsin is a critical structural feature in the early Proterozoic Penokean orogen. It provides exposures of gneisses (Dunbar Gneiss) that structurally underlie the voluminous metavolcanic rocks of northeastern Wisconsin, and exposures of abundant granitoid rocks ranging from tonalite...
Water-level changes in the Ogallala aquifer, northwestern Oklahoma.
J.S. Havens
1985, Oklahoma Geology Notes (45) 205-210
The Ogallala aquifer, that part of the High Plains aquifer in Oklahoma, is part of a regional aquifer system that underlies parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. In 1978 the US Geological Survey began a 5- year study of the High Plains regional...
Unit hydrograph approximations assuming linear flow through topologically random channel networks
Brent M. Troutman, Michael R. Karlinger
1985, Water Resources Research (21) 743-754
The instantaneous unit Hydrograph (IUH) of a drainage basin is derived in terms of fundamental basin characteristics (Z, α, β), where α parameterizes the link (channel segment) length distribution, and β is a vector of hydraulic parameters, Z is one of three basin topological properties, N, (N, D), or (N, M), where N is magnitude (number of...
Wave energy saturation on a natural beach of variable slope
A. H. Sallenger Jr., R.A. Holman
1985, Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans (90) 11939-11944
Time series of flow were measured across the inner surf zone during a storm. These data were used to quantify the dependence of wave height (transformed from measured flow) and velocity on local slope and depth. Similar to previous studies, as incident waves broke and propagated into the surf zone,...
Foreshocks and time-dependent earthquake hazard assessment in southern California
Lucile M. Jones
1985, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (75) 1667-1679
The probability that an earthquake in southern California (M ≧ 3.0) will be followed by an earthquake of larger magnitude within 5 days and 10 km (i.e., will be a foreshock) is 6 ± 0.5 per cent (1 S.D.), and is not significantly dependent on the magnitude of the possible...
DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN COAL MINERALS OF SELECTED EASTERN UNITED STATES COALS.
C.A. Palmer, M.-V. Wandless
1985, Conference Paper
The association of 34 elements with minerals found in coal was determined by a combination of analytical techniques on size and density fractions of low-temperature ash (LTA). Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine the concentrations of the elements, and X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and scanning transmission...
Correlations among hydrocarbon microseepage, soil chemistry, and uptake of micronutrients by plants, Bell Creek oil field, Montana
S.S. Roeming, T.J. Donovan
1985, Journal of Geochemical Exploration (23) 139-162
Chelate-extractable iron and manganese concentrations in soils over and around the Bell Creek oil field suggest that compared to low average background values, there are moderate amounts of these elements directly over the production area and higher concentrations distributed in an...
An evaluation of temperature scales for silica diagenesis in diatomaceous sequences including a new approach based on the Miocene Monterey Formation, California
M.A. Keller, C.M. Isaacs
1985, Geo-Marine Letters (5) 31-35
Geologic relations indicate that silica phases transformed in the Monterey Formation in two zones that persist over a narrow depth/temperature range and do not stratigraphically overlap. The wide and overlapping range of reported temperatures of these transformations is mainly a result of the many uncertainties inherent in the different methods...
Regional magnetotelluric surveys in hydrocarbon exploration, Parana Basin, Brazil
William D. Stanley, Antonio Roberto Saad Roberto, Walter Ohofugi
1985, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin (69) 346-360
The magnetotelluric geophysical method has been used effectively as a hydrocarbon exploration tool in the intracratonic Parana basin of South America. The Parana basin has an area of about 1,200,000 km2 (463,000 mi2), extending over portions of Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Bolivia. The Paleozoic marine sedimentary rocks in the Parana...
An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on 210Pb Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge
D. Kadko, R. Koski, M. Tatsumoto, R. Bouse
1985, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (76) 35-44
The210PbPb ratios across two sulfide samples dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge are used to estimate the growth rate of the sulfide material and the residence time of the hydrothermal fluid within the oceanic crust from the onset of basalt alteration.210Pb...
Global geologic mapping of Mars: The western equatorial region
D. H. Scott
1985, Advances in Space Research (5) 71-82
Global geologic mapping of Mars was originally accomplished following acquisition of orbital spacecraft images from the Mariner 9 mission. The mapping program represented a joint enterprise by the U.S. Geological Survey and other planetary scientists from universities in the United States and Europe. Many of the Mariner photographs had low...
Airfall tuff in the Browns Park Formation, northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah.
S. J. Luft
1985, Mountain Geologist (22) 110-127
Bedded airfall tuffs, mainly rhyolitic in composition and locally very thick, occur throughout the Browns Park Formation (upper Oligocene to upper Miocene) in northwestern Colorado and northeasternmost Utah. They have received only cursory attention other than for the purpose of radiometric dating. The present writer began study of the tuffs...
Geochemical mass-balance relationships for selected ions in precipitation and stream water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland
B. G. Katz, O.P. Bricker, M.M. Kennedy
1985, American Journal of Science (285) 951-962
Results of a study of input/output mass balances for major ions based on the chemical composition of precipitation and stream-water, geochemical reactions with different loading rates of hydrogen ion, and watershed processes influencing the chemical character of stream-waters in two small watershed areas are reported with a view to predicting...
Stratigraphic and interregional changes in Pennsylvanian coal-swamp vegetation: Environmental inferences
T.L. Phillips, R.A. Peppers, William A. DiMichele
1985, International Journal of Coal Geology (5) 43-109
Quantitative analysis of Pennsylvanian coal-swamp vegetation provides a means of inferring organization and structure of communities. Distribution of these communities further provides inferences about environmental factors, including paleoclimate. Our observations are based on in situ, structurally preserved peat deposits in coal-ball...
Terrestrial vs. marine depositional model—A new assessment of subsurface Lower Pennsylvanian rocks of southwestern Virginia
C. L. Rice
1985, Geology (13) 786-789
A reinterpretation of the origin of subsurface rocks in southwestern Virginia and southeastern Kentucky suggests that, contrary to commonly accepted ideas, the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Systemic boundary is an unconformity and the Lower Pennsylvanian quartz arenite sequences were deposited in a fluvial environment. Because Pennsylvanian...
Latest Mississippian (Namurian A) nonmarine ostracodes from West Virginia and Virginia
I. G. Sohn
1985, Journal of Paleontology (59) 446-460
Nonmarine ostracodes occur as partly exfoliated carapaces and internal molds at the base of the Bramwell Member of the Bluestone Formation, which represents the uppermost Mississippian (Namurian A), stratigraphic subdivision in West Virginia and Virginia. These specimens are important in that they permit the determination of a variety of adductor-muscle-attachment...
Uranium-series dating of fossil corals from marine sediments of southeastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain
Barney J. Szabo
1985, Geological Society of America Bulletin (96) 398-406
Extensive low-lying marine deposits border the southeastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain. Some units are fossiliferous and contain corals as isolated fragments in sediments of a detrital character. These corals are subject to alteration processes such that suites of related samples must be...
Low-frequency electrical properties
G.R. Olhoeft
1985, Geophysics (50) 2492-2503
In the interpretation of induced polarization data, it is commonly assumed that metallic mineral polarization dominantly or solely causes the observed response. However, at low frequencies, there is a variety of active chemical processes which involve the movement or transfer of electrical charge. Measurements of electrical properties at low frequencies...
The effect of glaciers on streamflow variations
Andrew G. Fountain, Wendell V. Tangborn
1985, Water Resources Research (21) 579-586
The effect of temperate glaciers on runoff variations is examined for the North Cascade Mountains of Washington State. The principal influences of glaciers on streamflow are often unexpected contributions to streamflow volume, a delay of the maximum seasonal flow, and a decrease in annual and monthly variation of runoff. The...
The Schwartzwalder uranium deposit. I: Geology and structural controls on mineralization.
A. R. Wallace, R. C. Karlson
1985, Economic Geology (80) 1842-1857
Numerous uranium veins occupy fractures and faults in brittle Proterozoic gneisses along the east central Front Range of Colorado. The deposit size correlates with the density and localization of brittle fracture. The largest deposit, the Schwartzwalder, is explained by a singular configuration of complexly broken, deep-reaching brittle gneisses between impervious...
COMPARISON OF RECORDING CURRENT METERS USED FOR MEASURING VELOCITIES IN SHALLOW WATERS OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA.
Jeffrey W. Gartner, Richard N. Oltmann
1985, Conference Paper, Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)
The authors determine the feasibility of collecting reliable current-meter data in shallow water under natural conditions. The study involved field testing four types of recording current meters (different speed sensors) and comparing data recorded by the meters under different field conditions. Speeds recorded by the current meters at slack water...
