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Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5014


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Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation


Evapotranspiration from Wetland and Open-Water Sites at Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2008–2010


By David I. Stannard, Marshall W. Gannett, Danial J. Polette, Jason M. Cameron, M. Scott Waibel, and J. Mark Spears

Figures

Figure 1. Upper Klamath Lake, surrounding area, and data collection locations.


Figure 2. Energy balance of A, a vegetated surface and B, a water body.


Figure 3. Eddy-covariance sensors, cup anemometer, and wind vane.


Figure 4. Completed eddy covariance, energy balance, and meteorological station at bulrush site on June 10, 2008. Photo courtesy of Brian Wagner, U.S. Geological Survey.


Figure 5. Specialized feet to support A, energy balance and meteorological platform and B, eddy-covariance tripod, on spongy wetland surface.

Figure 6. Lake stage area and live storage volume curves for Upper Klamath Lake.

Figure 7. Upper Klamath Lake bottom temperatures and fitted sine function used to parameterize amplitude and phase during 2008, 2009, and 2010.


Figure 8. Vegetation height, water level, and soil water content at bulrush site during 2008, 2009, and 2010, and at mixed site during 2008, 2009, and 2010.


Figure 9. Biweekly means of available energy, turbulent flux, and energy-balance ratio at the bulrush site during the study period.

Figure 10. Daily means of net radiation, sensible-heat flux, and latent-heat flux at bulrush site during 2008, 2009, and 2010, and at mixed site during 2008, 2009, and 2010.


Figure 11. Daily reference evapotranspiration and measured evapotranspiration at bulrush site during 2008, 2009, and 2010, and at mixed site during 2008, 2009, and 2010.


Figure 12. Daily crop coefficient at bulrush site during 2008, 2009, and 2010, and at mixed site during 2008, 2009, and 2010, and precipitation measured at Klamath Falls AgriMet station.


Figure 13. Detailed graph of daily crop coefficient during the growing seasons of all 3 years at the bulrush site, and the mixed site, and piecewise linear fits to the means from about June 20 to September 15, and to base values outside of this period.

Figure 14. Comparison of daily evapotranspiration measured during the growing season (May 1–September 30) of 2008 through 2010 with ET modeled using the piecewise linear approach for the bulrush site and mixed site.


Figure 15. Biweekly reference evapotranspiration from Agency Lake AgriMet station and measured evapotranspiration at bulrush and mixed sites during 2008, 2009, and 2010.


Figure 16. Biweekly crop coefficients at bulrush and mixed sites, and precipitation at Klamath Falls AgriMet station during 2008, 2009, and 2010.


Figure 17. Biweekly ensemble average crop coefficients at bulrush and mixed sites, and fourth-order polynomial fits to the crop coefficients during the growing season.


Figure 18. Comparison of biweekly evapotranspiration measured during the entire study period with ET modeled using the ensemble average Kc approach for the bulrush site and mixed site.


Figure 19. Comparison of biweekly evapotranspiration measured at the bulrush site during the current study with weekly ET measured and modeled by Bidlake at a nearby site during May 28–October 12, 1997.

Figure 20. Average lake surface temperatures at the midlake and midlake north sites plotted on the left vertical axis and net radiation plotted on the right vertical axis for the budget periods extending from July 2008 to September 2010.

Figure 21. Average evaporation rates at the midlake and midlake north sites plotted on the left vertical axis and net radiation plotted on the right vertical axis for the budget periods from July 2008 to September 2010.


First posted March 4, 2013

For additional information contact:
Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov

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