Nitrogen
L.E. Apodaca
2010, Mining Engineering (62) 65-66
Ammonia was produced by 13 companies at 23 plants in 16 states during 2009. Sixty percent of all U.S. ammonia production capacity was centered in Louisiana. Oklahoma and Texas because of those states' large reserves of natural gas, the dominant domestic feedstock. In 2009, U.S. producers operated at about 83...
Improving inferences from fisheries capture-recapture studies through remote detection of PIT tags
David A. Hewitt, Eric C. Janney, Brian S. Hayes, Rip S. Shively
2010, Fisheries (35) 217-231
Models for capture-recapture data are commonly used in analyses of the dynamics of fish and wildlife populations, especially for estimating vital parameters such as survival. Capture-recapture methods provide more reliable inferences than other methods commonly used in fisheries studies. However, for rare or elusive fish species, parameter estimation is often...
Aviation response to a widely dispersed volcanic ash and gas cloud from the August 2008 eruption of Kasatochi, Alaska, USA
Marianne Guffanti, David J. Schneider, Kristi L. Wallace, Tony Hall, Dov R. Bensimon, Leonard J. Salinas
2010, Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres (115)
The extensive volcanic cloud from Kasatochi's 2008 eruption caused widespread disruptions to aviation operations along Pacific oceanic, Canadian, and U.S. air routes. Based on aviation hazard warnings issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, the Federal Aviation Administration, and Meteorological Service of Canada, air carriers largely...
Gemstones
D.W. Olson
2010, Mining Engineering (62) 50-51
Information on the gemstones industry in 2009 is presented. Specifically, details on U.S. production of natural gemstones and laboratory-created, simulant, and treated gemstones; consumption and uses of gemstones; gemstone prices; imports and exports of gemstones; and the outlook for the sector are provided....
An experimental vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila can induce protection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
S. E. LaPatra, K.P. Plant, S. Alcorn, V. Ostland, J. Winton
2010, Journal of Fish Diseases (33) 143-151
A candidate vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was developed using a bacterial lysate. To test the strength of protection, A. hydrophila challenge models were compared using injection into both the intraperitoneal (IP) cavity and the dorsal sinus (DS) with selected doses of live bacteria washed in...
Peat
L.E. Apodaca
2010, Mining Engineering (62) 66-66
In 2009, domestic production of peat, excluding Alaska, was estimated to be 610 kt (672,000 st), compared with 615 kt (678,000 st) in 2008. In 2009, imports decreased to 906 kt (999,000 st) compared with 936 kt (1 million st) in 2008, and exports were estimated to have increased to...
Potash
S.M. Jasinski
2010, Mining Engineering (62) 69-70
In 2009, the world potash market deteriorated as world demand, trade and sales fell dramatically. After potash prices reached record high levels in 2008, many consumers and dealers delayed purchases until the price dropped. Potash prices did not recede as quickly as other fertilizer commodities, which led to further increases...
A universal approximation to grain size from images of non-cohesive sediment
D. Buscombe, D. M. Rubin, J.A. Warrick
2010, Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface (115)
The two-dimensional spectral decomposition of an image of sediment provides a direct statistical estimate, grid-by-number style, of the mean of all intermediate axes of all single particles within the image. We develop and test this new method which, unlike existing techniques, requires neither image processing algorithms for detection and measurement...
Early invasion population structure of quagga mussel and associated benthic invertebrate community composition on soft sediment in a large reservoir
Marion E. Wittmann, Sudeep Chandra, Andrea Caires, Marianne Denton, Michael R. Rosen, Wai Hing Wong, Todd Teitjen, Kent Turner, Peggy Roefer, G. Chris Holdren
2010, Lake and Reservoir Management (26) 316-327
In 2007 an invasive dreissenid mussel species, Dreissena bugensis (quagga mussel), was discovered in Lake Mead reservoir (AZ–NV). Within 2 years, adult populations have spread throughout the lake and are not only colonizing hard substrates, but also establishing in soft sediments at depths ranging from 1 to >100 m. Dreissena...
Archiving strategy for USGS EROS center and our future direction
John Faundeen
2010, Conference Paper, Proceedings of the 2010 Roadmap for Digital Preservation Interoperability Framework Workshop
The U. S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observation and Science Center has the responsibility to acquire, manage, and preserve our Nation's land observations. These records are obtained primarily from airplanes and satellites dating back to the 1930s. The ability to compare landscapes from the past with current information enables change...
Bauxite and alumina
E.L. Bray
2010, Mining Engineering (62) 40-41
The article reports on the global market performance of bauxite and alumina in 2009 and presents an outlook for their 2010 performance. There were only several U.S. states that could produce bauxite and bauxitic clays including Georgia, Arkansas, and Alabama. The prices for imported refractory-grade calcined bauxite ranged between 426...
Testing mixing models of old and young groundwater in a tropical lowland rain forest with environmental tracers
D. Kip Solomon, David P. Genereux, Niel Plummer, Eurybiades Busenberg
2010, Water Resources Research (46)
We tested three models of mixing between old interbasin groundwater flow (IGF) and young, locally derived groundwater in a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica using a large suite of environmental tracers. We focus on the young fraction of water using the transient tracers CFC‐11, CFC‐12, CFC‐113, SF6, 3H, and bomb 14C....
Chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn in stormwater, roadway dust and stormwater pond sediments
Kimberly M. Camponelli, Steven M. Lev, Joel W. Snodgrass, Edward R. Landa, Ryan E. Casey
2010, Environmental Pollution (158) 2143-2149
This study evaluated the chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn from source to deposition in a stormwater system. Cu and Zn concentrations and chemical fractionation were determined for roadway dust, roadway runoff and pond sediments. Stormwater Cu and Zn concentrations were used to generate cumulative frequency distributions to characterize potential...
Effect of clay content and mineralogy on frictional sliding behavior of simulated gouges: binary and ternary mixtures of quartz, illite, and montmorillonite
Sheryl Tembe, David A. Lockner, Teng-Fong Wong
2010, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (115)
We investigated the frictional sliding behavior of simulated quartz-clay gouges under stress conditions relevant to seismogenic depths. Conventional triaxial compression tests were conducted at 40 MPa effective normal stress on saturated saw cut samples containing binary and ternary mixtures of quartz, montmorillonite, and illite. In all cases, frictional strengths of...
Habitat selection and spawning success of walleye in a tributary to Owasco Lake, New York
Marc A. Chalupnicki, James H. Johnson, James E. McKenna Jr., Dawn E. Dittman
2010, North American Journal of Fisheries Management (30) 170-178
Walleyes Sander vitreus are stocked into Owasco Lake, New York, to provide a sport fishery, but the population must be sustained by annual hatchery supplementation despite the presence of appropriate habitat. Therefore, we evaluated walleye spawning success in Dutch Hollow Brook, a tributary of Owasco Lake, to determine whether early...
Strontium
M.A. Angulo
2010, Mining Engineering (62) 77-78
In 2009, U.S. apparent consumption of strontium (contained in celestite and manufactured strontium compounds) increased to 16 kt (17,600 st) from 10.6 kt (11,700 st) in 2008, an increase of 52 percent. This increase was attributed primarily to an increase in imported celestite. Gross weight of imports totaled 25.3 kt...
Mineral resource of the month: germanium
David Guberman
2010, Earth (55) 27-27
The article provides information on germanium, an element with electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator. Applications of germanium include its use as a component of the glass in fiber-optic cable, in infrared optics devices and as a semiconductor and substrate used in electronic and solar applications....
Mineral resource of the month: salt
Dennis S. Kostick
2010, Earth (55) 27-27
The article presents information on various types of salt. Rock salt is either found from underground halite deposits or near the surface. Other types of salt include solar salt, salt brine, and vacuum pan salt. The different uses of salt are also given including its use as a flavor enhancer,...
Identification, characterization and genetic mapping of TLR7, TLR8a1 and TLR8a2 genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Yniv Palti, Scott A. Gahr, Maureen K. Purcell, Sima Hadidi, Caird E. Rexroad III, Gregory A. Wiens
2010, Developmental and Comparative Immunology (34) 219-233
Induction of the innate immune pathways is critical for early anti-viral defense but there is limited understanding of how teleost fish recognize viral molecules and activate these pathways. In mammals, Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 8 bind single-stranded RNA of viral origin and are activated by synthetic anti-viral imidazoquinoline compounds....
Mineral resource of the month: iron ore
John Jorgenson
2010, Earth (55) 29-29
The article provides information on iron ore, including its use in steelmaking....
Meeting report: knowledge and gaps in developing microbial criteria for inland recreational waters
Samuel Dorevitch, Nicholas J. Ashbolt, Christobel M. Ferguson, Roger Fujioka, Charles D. McGee, Jeffrey A. Soller, Richard L. Whitman
2010, Environmental Health Perspectives (118) 871-876
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has committed to issuing in 2012 new or revised criteria designed to protect the health of those who use surface waters for recreation. For this purpose, the U.S. EPA has been conducting epidemiologic studies to establish relationships between microbial measures of water quality and...
Mineral resource of the month: cesium
Marc A. Angulo
2010, Earth (55) 29-29
The article offers information on cesium, a golden alkali metal derived from the Latin word caesium which means bluish gray. It mentions that cesium is the first element discovered with the use of spectroscopy. It adds that the leading producer and supplier of cesium is Canada and there are 50,000...
Orientation-independent, nongeometric-mean measures of seismic intensity from two horizontal components of motion
David M. Boore
2010, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (100) 1830-1835
New measures of spectral intensity based on the horizontal components of ground shaking are introduced. These new measures are independent of the in situ orientation of the recordings and encompass the full range of spectral amplitudes over all possible rotation angles. Unlike previously introduced measures that are also orientation independent,...
Longitudinal structure in temperate stream fish communities: evaluating conceptual models with temporal data
James H. Roberts, Nathaniel P. Hitt
2010, Conference Paper, Community ecology of stream fishes : concepts, approaches, and techniques; American Fisheries Symposium 73
Five conceptual models of longitudinal fish community organization in streams were examined: (1) niche diversity model (NDM), (2) stream continuum model (SCM), (3) immigrant accessibility model (IAM), (4) environmental stability model (ESM), and (5) adventitious stream model (ASM). We used differences among models in their predictions about temporal species turnover,...
Correction for the 17O interference in δ(13C) measurements when analyzing CO2 with stable isotope mass spectrometry
Willi A. Brand, Sergey S. Assonov, Tyler B. Coplen
2010, Pure and Applied Chemistry (82) 1719-1733
Measurements of δ(13C) determined on CO2 with an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) must be corrected for the amount of 17O in the CO2. For data consistency, this must be done using identical methods by different laboratories. This report aims at unifying data treatment for CO2 IRMS by proposing (i) a...
