Quantitative analysis of major elements in silicate minerals and glasses by micro-PIXE
J.L. Campbell, G.K. Czamanske, L. MacDonald, W.J. Teesdale
1997, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms (130) 608-616
The Guelph micro-PIXE facility has been modified to accommodate a second Si(Li) X-ray detector which records the spectrum due to light major elements (11 ??? Z ??? 20) with no deleterious effects from scattered 3 MeV protons. Spectra have been recorded from 30 well-characterized materials, including a broad range of...
The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field
J.M. Quinn, R.J. Coleman, S. Macmillan, D.R. Barraclough
1997, Earth, Planets and Space (49) 245-261
This paper presents the 1995 main-field revision of the World Magnetic Model (WMM-95). It is based on Project MAGNET high-level (??? 15,000 ft.) vector aeromagnetic survey data collected between 1988 and 1994 and on scalar total intensity data collected by the Polar Orbiting Geomagnetic Survey (POGS) satellite during the period...
Modelling heterogeneity in the recoveries of marked animal populations with covariates of individual animals, groups of animals or recovery time
R.M. Dorazio
1997, Environmental and Ecological Statistics (4) 235-246
A general framework is developed for modelling rates of survival and recovery of marked animal populations in terms of auxiliary information collected at the time of marking. The framework may be used to estimate differences in survival or recovery among individual animals, groups of animals, and recovery times. Analyses of...
Bootstrap position analysis for forecasting low flow frequency
Gary D. Tasker, P. Dunne
1997, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management (123) 359-367
A method of random resampling of residuals from stochastic models is used to generate a large number of 12-month-long traces of natural monthly runoff to be used in a position analysis model for a water-supply storage and delivery system. Position analysis uses the traces to forecast the likelihood of specified...
Shifting sources and transport paths for the late Quaternary Escanaba Trough sediment fill (northeast Pacific)
G.G. Zuffa, R. De Rosa, W. R. Normark
1997, Giornale di Geologia (59) 35-53
Escanaba Trough, which forms the southernmost part of the axial valley of the actively spreading Gorda Ridge, is filled with several hundred meters of sediment of presumed late Quaternary age. Surficial sediment samples from gravity cores, deeper samples (as much as 390 m) from Site 35 of the Deep Sea...
XRD measurement of mean crystallite thickness of illite and illite/smectite: Reappraisal of the Kubler index and the Scherrer equation
Victor A. Drits, Jan Srodon, D. D. Eberl
1997, Clays and Clay Minerals (45) 461-475
The standard form of the Scherrer equation, which has been used to calculate the mean thickness of the coherent scattering domain (CSD) of illite crystals from X-ray diffraction (XRD) full width data at half maximum (FWHM) intensity, employs a constant, Ksh, of 0.89. Use of this constant is unjustified, even...
Physical processes affecting the sedimentary environments of Long Island Sound
R. P. Signell, H.J. Knebel, J. H. List, A.S. Farris
Spaulding M.L.Blumberg A.F., editor(s)
1997, Conference Paper, Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling
A modeling study was undertaken to simulate the bottom tidal-, wave-, and wind-driven currents in Long Island Sound in order to provide a general physical oceanographic framework for understanding the characteristics and distribution of seafloor sedimentary environments. Tidal currents are important in the funnel-shaped eastern part of the Sound, where...
Case study modeling of turbulent and mesoscale fluxes over the BOREAS region
P.L. Vidale, R.A. Pielke Sr., L. T. Steyaert, A. Barr
1997, Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres (102) 29167-29188
Results from aircraft and surface observations provided evidence for the existence of mesoscale circulations over the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) domain. Using an integrated approach that included the use of analytical modeling, numerical modeling, and data analysis, we have found that there are substantial contributions to the total budgets of...
Three-dimensional upper crustal velocity structure beneath San Francisco Peninsula, California
T. Parsons, M.L. Zoback
1997, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (102) 5473-5490
This paper presents new seismic data from, and crustal models of the San Francisco Peninsula. In much of central California the San Andreas fault juxtaposes the Cretaceous granitic Salinian terrane on its west and the Late Mesozoic/Early Tertiary Franciscan Complex on its east. On San Francisco Peninsula, however, the present-day...
Oiled seabird rescue at the J.V. Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, San Mateo County, California, 1968-1995
H.R. Carter
1997, Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation (20) 3-14
Records of oiled and injured seabirds at the J.V. Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, San Mateo County, California, were collated from the daily log at the Reserve for the period 1968-1995. These records serve to demonstrate that oil spills and chronic oiling have occurred frequently in this area, just south of San...
A new method for automated dynamic calibration of tipping-bucket rain gauges
M.D. Humphrey, J.D. Istok, J.Y. Lee, J.A. Hevesi, A. L. Flint
1997, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (14) 1513-1519
Existing methods for dynamic calibration of tipping-bucket rain gauges (TBRs) can be time consuming and labor intensive. A new automated dynamic calibration system has been developed to calibrate TBRs with minimal effort. The system consists of a programmable pump, datalogger, digital balance, and computer. Calibration is performed in two steps:...
The roles of time and displacement in velocity-dependent volumetric strain of fault zones
N.M. Beeler, T.E. Tullis
1997, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (102) 22595-22609
The relationship between measured friction μA and volumetric strain during frictional sliding was determined using a rate and state variable dependent friction constitutive equation, a common work balance relating friction and volume change, and two types of experimental faults: initially bare surfaces of Westerly granite and rock surfaces separated by...
Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific
J.R. Hein, A. Koschinsky, P. Halbach, F.T. Manheim, M. Bau, J.-K. Kang, N. Lubick
1997, Geological Society Special Publication 119
Iron, manganese, and iron-manganese deposits occur in nearly all geomorphologic and tectonic environments in the ocean basins and form by one or more of four processes: (1) hydrogenetic precipitation from cold ambient seawater, (2) precipitation from hydrothermal fluids, (3) precipitation from sediment pore waters that have been modified from bottom...
A structural equation model of plant species richness and its application to a coastal wetland
J.B. Grace, B.H. Pugesek
1997, American Naturalist (149) 436-460
Studies of plant species richness have often emphasized the role of either community biomass (as an indicator of density effects) or abiotic factors. In this article we present a general model that simultaneously examines the relative importance of abiotic and density effects. General and specific models were developed to examine...
The forms of trace metals in an Illinois basin coal by x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
I.-M. Chou, J.A. Bruinius, J.M. Lytle, R.R. Ruch, Frank E. Huggins, G.P. Huffman, K.K. Ho
1997, ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints (42) 1113-1116
Utilities burning Illinois coals currently do not consider trace elements in their flue gas emissions. After the US EPA completes an investigation on trace elements, however, this may change and flue gas emission standards may be established. The mode of occurrence of a trace element may determine its cleanability and...
Redox zones in contaminated aquifers: Implications of the reaction network on solute transport modeling
R.H. Abrams, D.B. Kent, K. Loague
1997, ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints (37) 136-141
[No abstract available]...
Analysis of environmental data with censored observations
S. Liu, J.-C. Lu, D.W. Kolpin, W.Q. Meeker
1997, Environmental Science & Technology (31) 3358-3362
The potential threats to humans and to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from environmental contamination could depend on the sum of the concentrations of different chemicals. However, direct summation of environmental data is not generally feasible because it is common for some chemical concentrations to be recorded as being below the...
Ophiolitic basement to the Great Valley forearc basin, California, from seismic and gravity data: Implications for crustal growth at the North American continental margin
N. J. Godfrey, B. C. Beaudoin, S.L. Klemperer, A. Levander, J. Luetgert, A. Meltzer, Walter D. Mooney, A. Trehu
1997, Geological Society of America Bulletin (109) 1536-1562
The nature of the Great Valley basement, whether oceanic or continental, has long been a source of controversy. A velocity model (derived from a 200-km-long east-west reflection-refraction profile collected south of the Mendocino triple junction, northern California, in 1993), further constrained by density and magnetic models, reveals an ophiolite underlying...
Correlated errors in geodetic time series: Implications for time-dependent deformation
J. Langbein, H. Johnson
1997, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (102) 591-603
Analysis of frequent trilateration observations from the two-color electronic distance measuring networks in California demonstrate that the noise power spectra are dominated by white noise at higher frequencies and power law behavior at lower frequencies. In contrast, Earth scientists typically have assumed that only white noise is present in a...
Permeability and porosity of the Illinois UPH 3 drillhole granite and a comparison with other deep drillhole rocks
C.A. Morrow, D.A. Lockner
1997, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (102) 3067-3075
Permeability, porosity, and volumetric strain measurements were conducted on granite cores obtained at depths of 0.7 to 1.6 km from the Illinois UPH 3 drillhole at effective confining pressures from 5 to 100 MPa. Initial permeabilities were in the range of 10-17 to 10-19 m2 and dropped rapidly with applied...
Effect of wave-enhanced bottom friction on storm-driven circulation in Massachusetts Bay
R. P. Signell, J. H. List
1997, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering (123) 233-239
Massachusetts Bay is a shallow (35 m average depth) semienclosed embayment, roughly 100 ?? 50 km, which opens into the Gulf of Maine at its eastern boundary. Surface waves associated with winter storm winds from the northeast cause large sediment resuspension events, and wave and circulation fields during these events...
Nowcast model for hazardous material spill prevention and response, San Francisco Bay, California
Ralph T. Cheng, Wayne L. Wilmot, Jerry A. Galt
1997, Conference Paper, Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) installed the Physical Oceanographic Real-time System (PORTS) in San Francisco Bay, California, to provide real-time observations of tides, tidal currents, and meteorological conditions to, among other purposes, guide hazardous material spill prevention and response. Integrated with nowcast modeling techniques and dissemination of real-time...
Stressing of the New Madrid seismic zone by a lower crust detachment fault
W.D. Stuart, T.G. Hildenbrand, R.W. Simpson
1997, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (102) 27623-27633
A new mechanical model for the cause of the New Madrid seismic zone in the central United States is analyzed. The model contains a subhorizontal detachment fault which is assumed to be near the domed top surface of locally thickened anomalous lower crust (“rift pillow”). Regional horizontal compression induces slip...
Flow to a well of finite diameter in a homogeneous, anisotropic water table aquifer
Allen F. Moench
1997, Water Resources Research (33) 1397-1407
A Laplace transform solution is presented for the problem of flow to a partially penetrating well of finite diameter in a slightly compressible water table aquifer. The solution, which allows for evaluation of both pumped well and observation piezometer data, accounts for effects of well bore storage and skin and...
Channel-fill coal beds along the western margin of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field
C.F. Eble, S.F. Greb
1997, International Journal of Coal Geology (33) 183-207
Four channel-filling coal beds from the lower part of the Breathitt Formation (lower Middle Pennsylvanian, late Westphalian A) were examined palynologically, petrographically and geochemically to determine the paleoenvironmental conditions under which these peats accumulated. These results were then compared with detailed...
