Mucous lysozyme levels in hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) early in the parr-smolt transformation
R. M. Schrock, S.D. Smith, A.G. Maule, S.K. Doulos, J.J. Rockowski
2001, Aquaculture (198) 169-177
Mucous lysozyme concentrations were determined in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) to establish reference levels during the time associated with the parr-smolt transformation. The first reported naris and vent mucous lysozyme levels are provided for spring chinook salmon and coho salmon. Naris mucous lysozyme...
Formation and transport of the sulfonic acid metabolites of alachlor and metolachlor in soil
D.S. Aga, E.M. Thurman
2001, Environmental Science & Technology (35) 2455-2460
Alachlor and metolachlor are dechlorinated and transformed into their corresponding ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) metabolites in soil. In a field-disappearance study, it was shown that alachlor ESA was formed at a faster rate and at concentrations 2−4 times higher than metolachlor ESA, conforming with the observed longer...
Effects of pool formation and flash flooding on relative abundance of young-of-year flannelmouth suckers in the Paria River, Arizona
Michele L. Thieme, Carole McIvor, Mark J. Brouder, Timothy L. Hoffnagle
2001, Regulated Rivers: Research & Management (17) 145-156
Flannelmouth sucker, Catostomus latipinnis, a fish endemic to the Colorado River basin in the western United States, appears to experience poor recruitment to adult size in the Colorado River, downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. Lack or impermanence of rearing areas for young-of-year (YOY) fish is hypothesized to be the problem. Knowing...
Varied ecosystems need different fire protection
Sheri L. Gutsell, Edward A. Johnson, Kiyoko Miyanishi, Jon E. Keeley, Matthew Dickinson, Simon R. J. Bridge
2001, Nature (409) 977-977
Covington states in his Commentary1 that the open ponderosa pine forests of the western United States are "in widespread collapse" because fire suppression by humans has eliminated the low-intensity surface fire regime that maintained the open, park-like structure of these forests. He fears this will lead to an...
Some suggested future directions of quantitative resource assessments
D.A. Singer
2001, Diqiu Kexue - Zhongguo Dizhi Daxue Xuebao/Earth Science - Journal of China University of Geosciences (26) 152-156
Future quantitative assessments will be expected to estimate quantities, values, and locations of undiscovered mineral resources in a form that conveys both economic viability and uncertainty associated with the resources. Historically, declining metal prices point to the need for larger deposits over time. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the greatest opportunity...
Trends in Northern Hemisphere surface cyclone frequency and intensity
G.J. McCabe, M.P. Clark, Mark C. Serreze
2001, Journal of Climate (14) 2763-2768
One of the hypothesized effects of global warming from increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases is a change in the frequency and/or intensity of extratropical cyclones. In this study, winter frequencies and intensities of extratropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1959-97 are examined to determine if identifiable trends...
Potential contribution of microbial degradation to natural attenuation of MTBE in surface water systems
P. M. Bradley, F. H. Chapelle, J. E. Landmeyer
2001, ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints (41) 435-438
The potential contribution of in situ biodegradation as a mechanism for natural attenuation of MTBE in surface water was studied. Surface water sediments from streams and lakes at 11 sites throughout the US. Microbial degradation of [U-14C] MTBE was observed in surface-water-sediment microcosms under anaerobic conditions, but the efficiency and...
Foraging time and dietary intake by breeding ross's and lesser snow geese
M.L. Gloutney, R.T. Alisauskas, A. D. Afton, S. M. Slattery
2001, Oecologia (127) 78-86
We compared foraging times of female Ross's (Chen rossii) and Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) breeding at Karrak Lake, NT, Canada and examined variation due to time of day and reproductive stage. We subsequently collected female geese that had foraged for known duration and we estimated mass of foods...
Garnet granulite xenoliths from the Northern Baltic shield: The underplated lower crust of a palaeoproterozoic large igneous province
P.D. Kempton, H. Downes, L.A. Neymark, J.A. Wartho, R. E. Zartman, E.V. Sharkov
2001, Journal of Petrology (42) 731-763
Garnet granulite facies xenoliths hosted in Devonian lamprophyres from the Kola Peninsula are interpreted to represent the high-grade metamorphic equivalents of continental flood tholeiites, emplaced into the Baltic Shield Archaean lower crust in early Proterozoic time. Geochronological data and similarities in major and trace element geochemistry suggest that the xenoliths...
Use of 17O/16O to trace atmospherically-deposited sulfate in surface waters: A case study in alpine watersheds in the Rocky Mountains
C. A. Johnson, M.A. Mast, C.L. Kester
2001, Geophysical Research Letters (28) 4483-4486
Building on the discovery of excess 17O in atmospheric sulfate by Lee et al. (2001), we have carried out a case study to determine whether 17O might provide a new tool for quantifying the impact of atmospheric deposition on surface-water sulfate loads. In Rocky Mountain alpine regions, excess 17O was...
Water source to four U.S. wetlands: Implications for wetland management
T. C. Winter, D.O. Rosenberry, D.C. Buso, D.A. Merk
2001, Wetlands (21) 462-473
Results of long-term field studies of wetlands in four different hydrogeologic and climatic settings in the United States indicate that each has considerably different sources of water, which affects their response to climate variability and land-use practices. A fen wetland in New Hampshire is supplied almost entirely by ground water...
Anomalous preservation of pure methane hydrate at 1 atm
L.A. Stern, S. Circone, S. H. Kirby, W.B. Durham
2001, Journal of Physical Chemistry B (105) 1756-1762
Direct measurement of decomposition rates of pure, polycrystalline methane hydrate reveals a thermal regime where methane hydrate metastably `preserves' in bulk by as much as 75 K above its nominal equilibrium temperature (193 K at 1 atm). Rapid release of the sample pore pressure at isothermal conditions between 242 and...
Contribution of base flow to nonpoint source pollution loads in an agricultural watershed
K. E. Schilling, C.F. Wolter
2001, Ground Water (39) 49-58
Nonpoint source pollution of surface water from overland flow, drainage tiles, and ground water discharge is a major cause of water quality impairment in Iowa. Nonpoint source pollution from base flow ground water was estimated in the Walnut Creek watershed by measuring chemical loads of atrazine, nitrate, chloride, and sulfate...
Methyl t-Butyl Ether Mineralization in Surface-Water Sediment Microcosms under Denitrifying Conditions
P. M. Bradley, F. H. Chapelle, J. E. Landmeyer
2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology (67) 1975-1978
Mineralization of [U-14C] methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) to 14CO2 without accumulation of t-butyl alcohol (TBA) was observed in surface-water sediment microcosms under denitrifying conditions. Methanogenic activity and limited transformation of MTBE to TBA were observed in the absence of denitrification. Results indicate that bed sediment microorganisms can effectively degrade MTBE...
A partition-limited model for the plant uptake of organic contaminants from soil and water
C. T. Chiou, G. Sheng, M. Manes
2001, Environmental Science & Technology (35) 1437-1444
In dealing with the passive transport of organic contaminants from soils to plants (including crops), a partition-limited model is proposed in which (i) the maximum (equilibrium) concentration of a contaminant in any location in the plant is determined by partition equilibrium with its concentration in the soil...
Thermal maturity patterns in New York State using CAI and %Ro
D. J. Weary, R. T. Ryder, R.E. Nyahay
2001, Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences (23) 356-376
New conodont alteration index (CAI) and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) data collected from drill holes in the Appalachian basin of New York State allow refinement of thermal maturity maps for Ordovician and Devonian rocks. CAI isotherms on the new maps show a pattern that approximates that published by Harris et al....
Nature and transformation of dissolved organic matter in treatment wetlands
L. B. Barber, J.A. Leenheer, T.I. Noyes, E.A. Stiles
2001, Environmental Science & Technology (35) 4805-4816
This investigation into the occurrence, character, and transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in treatment wetlands in the western United States shows that (i) the nature of DOM in the source water has a major influence on transformations that occur during treatment, (ii) the climate factors have a secondary effect...
Atomic weights of the elements 1999
T.B. Coplen
2001, Pure and Applied Chemistry (73) 667-683
The biennial review of atomic-weight, Ar(E), determinations and other cognate data have resulted in changes for the standard atomic weights of the following elements: Presented are updated tables of the standard atomic weights and their uncertainties estimated by combining experimental uncertainties and terrestrial variabilities. In addition, this report again contains...
Proposed standard-weight equations for brook trout
M.W. Hyatt, W.A. Hubert
2001, North American Journal of Fisheries Management (21) 253-254
Weight and length data were obtained for 113 populations of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis across the species' geographic range in North America to estimate a standard-weight (Ws) equation for this species. Estimation was done by applying the regression-line-percentile technique to fish of 120-620 mm total length (TL). The proposed metric-unit...
Effect of depth-dependent shear modulus on tsunami generation along subduction zones
E.L. Geist, S.L. Bilek
2001, Geophysical Research Letters (28) 1315-1318
Estimates of the initial size of tsunamis generated by subduction zone earthquakes are significantly affected by the choice of shear modulus at shallow depths. Analysis of over 360 circum-Pacific subduction zone earthquakes indicates that for a given seismic moment, source duration increases significantly with decreasing depth (Bilek and Lay, 1998;...
Strong motion instrumentation of an RC building structure
H.-J. Li, M. Çelebi
2001, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration (21) 35-39
The strong-motion instrumentation scheme of a reinforced concrete building observed by California Strong-Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) is introduced in this paper. The instrumented building is also described and the recorded responses during 1994 Northridge earthquake are provided....
Uncertainty in coal property valuation in West Virginia: A case study
M.E. Hohn, R.R. McDowell
2001, Mathematical Geology (33) 191-216
Interpolated grids of coal bed thickness are being considered for use in a proposed method for taxation of coal in the state of West Virginia (United States). To assess the origin and magnitude of possible inaccuracies in calculated coal tonnage, we used conditional simulation to generate equiprobable realizations of net...
Interoperability and information discovery
E. Christian
2001, New Review of Information Networking (7) 5-26
In the context of information systems, there is interoperability when the distinctions between separate information systems are not a barrier to accomplishing a task that spans those systems. Interoperability so defined implies that there are commonalities among the systems involved and that one can exploit such commonalities to achieve interoperability....
A simple algorithm for sequentially incorporating gravity observations in seismic traveltime tomography
T. Parsons, R.J. Blakely, T.M. Brocher
2001, International Geology Review (43) 1073-1086
The geologic structure of the Earth's upper crust can be revealed by modeling variation in seismic arrival times and in potential field measurements. We demonstrate a simple method for sequentially satisfying seismic traveltime and observed gravity residuals in an iterative 3-D inversion. The algorithm is portable to any seismic analysis...
Potential artifacts in interpretation of differential breakthrough of colloids and dissolved tracers in the context of transport in a zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier
P. Zhang, W.P. Johnson, M.J. Piana, C. C. Fuller, D. L. Naftz
2001, Ground Water (39) 831-840
Many published studies have used visual comparison of the timing of peak breakthrough of colloids versus conservative dissolved tracers (hereafter referred to as dissolved tracers or tracers) in subsurface media to determine whether they are advected differently, and to elucidate the mechanisms of differential advection. This purely visual approach of...
