A scan-angle correction for thermal infrared multispectral data using side lapping images
K. Watson
1996, Geophysical Research Letters (23) 2421-2424
Thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) images, acquired with side lapping flight lines, provide dual angle observations of the same area on the ground and can thus be used to estimate variations in the atmospheric transmission with scan angle. The method was tested using TIMS aircraft data...
Copper speciation and binding by organic matter in copper-contaminated streamwater
R.F. Breault, J.A. Colman, G. R. Aiken, D. McKnight
1996, Environmental Science & Technology (30) 3477-3486
Fulvic acid binding sites (1.3−70 μM) and EDTA (0.0017−0.18 μM) accounted for organically bound Cu in seven stream samples measured by potentiometric titration. Cu was 84−99% organically bound in filtrates with 200 nM total Cu. Binding of Cu by EDTA was limited by competition from other trace...
Use of 13C NMR and ftir for elucidation of degradation pathways during natural litter decomposition and composting I. early stage leaf degradation
R.L. Wershaw, J.A. Leenheer, K. R. Kennedy, T.I. Noyes
1996, Soil Science (161) 667-679
Oxidative degradation of plant tissue leads to the formation of natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humus. Infrared (IR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry have been used to elucidate the chemical reactions of the early stages of degradation that give rise to DOC derived from litter and compost....
Absence of glaciation in Illinois during marine isotope stages 3 through 5
B. Brandon Curry, M.J. Pavich
1996, Quaternary Research (46) 19-26
A 10Be inventory and 14C ages of material from a core from northernmost Illinois support previous interpretations that this area was ice free from ca. 155,000 to 25,000 yr ago. During much of this period, from about 155,000 to 55,000 yr ago, 10Be accumulated in the argillic horizon of the...
Measuring rates of biodegradation in a contaminated aquifer using field and laboratory methods
F. H. Chapelle, P. M. Bradley, Derek R. Lovley, D.A. Vroblesky
1996, Groundwater (34) 691-698
Rates of biodegradation were measured in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer using a combination of field and laboratory methods. These methods are based on tracking concentration changes of substrates (both electron donors and acceptors) or final products of microbial metabolism over time. Ground water at...
Roof-rock contamination of Taylor Creek Rhyolite, New Mexico, as recorded in hornblende phenocrysts and biotite xenocrysts
J.H. Wittke, W. A. Duffield, C. Jones
1996, American Mineralogist (81) 135-140
The Taylor Creek Rhyolite, a group of coeval, mid-Tertiary, silica-rich rhyolite lava domes in southwestern New Mexico, is notable for recording bulk-rock evidence of minor, yet easily measurable, contamination of its source magma reservoir resulting from assimilation of Proterozoic roof rock. Most of the evidence is recorded in trace element...
Impact origin of the Chesapeake Bay structure and the source of the North American tektites
C. Koeberl, C. W. Poag, W.U. Reimold, D. Brandt
1996, Science (271) 1263-1266
Seismic profiles, drill core samples, and gravity data suggest that a complex impact crater ~35.5 million years old and 90 kilometers in diameter is buried beneath the lower Chesapeake Bay. The breccia that fills the structure contains evidence of shock metamorphism, including impact melt breccias and multiple sets of planar...
The southern Whidbey Island fault: An active structure in the Puget Lowland, Washington
S. Y. Johnson, C. J. Potter, J.M. Armentrout, J. J. Miller, Carol A. Finn, C.S. Weaver
1996, Geological Society of America Bulletin (108) 334-354
Information from seismic-reflection profiles, outcrops, boreholes, and potential field surveys is used to interpret the structure and history of the southern Whidbey Island fault in the Puget Lowland of western Washington. This northwest-trending fault comprises a broad (as wide as 6–11 km), steep, northeast-dipping zone that includes several splays with...
The enigma of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-1812
A. C. Johnston, E.S. Schweig
1996, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (24) 339-384
Continental North America's greatest earthquake sequence struck on the western frontier of the United States. The frontier was not then California but the valley of the continent's greatest river, the Mississippi, and the sequence was the New Madrid earthquakes of the winter of 1811–1812. Their described impacts on the land...
Imaging the San Andreas fault with explosion and earthquake sources
C. Thurber, S. Roecker, W. Lutter, W. Ellsworth
1996, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union (77) 45-48
Mounting evidence suggests that fault zone heterogeneity may play a crucial role in the localization of rupture in earthquakes [Aki, 1995]. The heterogeneity can take several forms: spatial variations in physical properties (elastic properties, pore fluid pressure, etc.) or complexity in the fault surface (bends, offsets, etc.). High-resolution, three-dimensional models...
Upscaled soil-water retention using van Genuchten's function
T.R. Green, J.E. Constantz, D.L. Freyberg
1996, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering (1) 123-130
Soils are often layered at scales smaller than the block size used in numerical and conceptual models of variably saturated flow. Consequently, the small-scale variability in water content within each block must be homogenized (upscaled). Laboratory results have shown that a linear volume average (LVA) of water content at a...
Groundwater inflow measurements in wetland systems
Randy J. Hunt, David P. Krabbenhoft, Mary P. Anderson
1996, Water Resources Research (32) 495-507
Our current understanding of wetlands is insufficient to assess the effects of past and future wetland loss. While knowledge of wetland hydrology is crucial, groundwater flows are often neglected or uncertain. In this paper, groundwater inflows were estimated in wetlands in southwestern Wisconsin using traditional Darcy's law calculations and three...
Productivity cycles of 200-300 years in the Antarctic Peninsula region: Understanding linkages among the sun, atmosphere, oceans, sea ice, and biota
A. Leventer, E.W. Domack, S. E. Ishman, S. Brachfeld, C.E. McClennen, P. Manley
1996, Geological Society of America Bulletin (108) 1626-1644
Compared to the rest of the world's oceans, high-resolution late Holocene paleoclimatic data from the Southern Ocean are still rare. We present a multiproxy record from a sediment core retrieved from a deep basin on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula that reveals a dramatic perspective on paleoclimatic changes...
Preflight and in-flight calibration plan for ASTER
A. Ono, F. Sakuma, K. Arai, Y. Yamaguchi, H. Fujisada, P.N. Slater, K. J. Thome, Frank Don Palluconi, H. H. Kieffer
1996, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (13) 321-335
Preflight and in-flight radiometric calibration plans are described for the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) that is a multispectral optical imager of high spatial resolution. It is designed for the remote sensing from orbit of land surfaces and clouds, and is expected to be launched in 1998...
Observations and analysis of self-similar branching topology in glacier networks
D.B. Bahr, S.D. Peckham
1996, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (101) 25511-25521
Glaciers, like rivers, have a branching structure which can be characterized by topological trees or networks. Probability distributions of various topological quantities in the networks are shown to satisfy the criterion for self-similarity, a symmetry structure which might be used to simplify future models of glacier dynamics. Two analytical methods...
Quiescent-phase evolution of a surge-type glacier: Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.
T.A. Heinrichs, L.R. Mayo, K.A. Echelmeyer, W.D. Harrison
1996, Journal of Glaciology (42) 110-122
Black Rapids Glacier, a surge-type glacier in the Alaska Range, most recently surged in 1936–37 and is currently in its quiescent phase. Mass balance, ice velocity and thickness change have been measured at three to ten sites from 1972 to 1994. The annual speed has undergone cyclical...
Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion
I.A. Pecher, T.A. Minshull, S.C. Singh, Roland E. von Huene
1996, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (139) 459-469
Much of our knowledge of the worldwide distribution of submarine gas hydrates comes from seismic observations of Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs). Full waveform inversion has proven to be a reliable technique for studying the fine structure of BSRs using the compressional wave velocity. We applied a non-linear full waveform inversion...
A new high-precision borehole-temperature logging system used at GISP2, Greenland, and Taylor Dome, Antarctica
G.D. Clow, R. W. Saltus, E.D. Waddington
1996, Journal of Glaciology (42) 576-584
We describe a high-precision (0.1–1.0 mK) borehole-temperature (BT) logging system developed at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for use in remote polar regions. We discuss calibration, operational and data-processing procedures, and present an analysis of the measurement errors. The system is modular to facilitate calibration procedures...
The deethylatrazine/atrazine ratio as an indicator of the onset of the spring flush of herbicides into surface water of the midwestern United States
E.M. Thurman, J. D. Fallon
Hennion M.C.Albaiges J., editor(s)
1996, Conference Paper, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
[No abstract available]...
Diatoms as an aid in identifying late-holocene tsunami deposits
E. Hemphill-Haley
1996, Holocene (6) 439-448
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) help identify the onshore deposits of tsunamis from earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone along the Pacific coast of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, and on faults high in the North American plate in the Puget Sound area of Washington. At the Copalis River, Washington, diatom analyses suggest...
Observed discrepancy between geodolite and GPS distance measurements
J.C. Savage, M. Lisowski, W.H. Prescott
1996, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (101) 25547-25552
Comparison of contemporaneous measurements of 84 distances in the range of 10 to 50 km by both Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geodolite (an electro-optical distance-measuring instrument) indicates that the Geodolite measurements are systematically longer by 0.283 ± 0.100 parts per million of the measured distance. Quoted uncertainty is 1...
Evidence for multiple mechanisms of crustal contamination of magma from compositionally zoned plutons and associated ultramafic intrusions of the Alaska Range
P.W. Reiners, B.K. Nelson, S.W. Nelson
1996, Journal of Petrology (37) 261-292
Models of continental crustal magmagenesis commonly invoke the interaction of mafic mantle-derived magma and continental crust to explain geochemical and petrologic characteristics of crustal volcanic and plutonic rocks. This interaction and the specific mechanisms of crustal contamination associated with it are poorly understood. An excellent opportunity to study the...
Covalent binding of aniline to humic substances. 1. Kinetic studies
E.J. Weber, D.L. Spidle, K. A. Thorn
1996, Environmental Science & Technology (30) 2755-2763
The reaction kinetics for the covalent binding of aniline with reconstituted IHSS humic and fulvic acids, unfractionated DOM isolated from Suwannee River water, and whole samples of Suwannee River water have been investigated. The reaction kinetics in each of these systems can be adequately described by a simple second-order rate...
Scientific objectives of human exploration of Mars
M. H. Carr
1996, American Astronautical Society, Scientific Technology Series (86) 515-535
While human exploration of Mars is unlikely to be undertaken for science reasons alone, science will be the main beneficiary. A wide range of science problems can be addressed at Mars. The planet formed in a different part of the solar system from the Earth and retains clues concerning compositional...
Coral ages and island subsidence, Hilo drill hole
J.G. Moore, B.L. Ingram, K.R. Ludwig, D.A. Clague
1996, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (101) 11599-11605
A 25.8-m-thick sedimentary section containing coral fragments occurs directly below a surface lava flow (the ∼1340 year old Panaewa lava flow) at the Hilo drill hole. Ten coral samples from this section dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon and five by thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) 230Th/U methods show good...
