Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications
Roger N. Clark, T. L. Roush
1984, Journal of Geophysical Research (89) 6329-6340
Several methods for the analysis of remotely sensed reflectance data are compared, including empirical methods and scattering theories, both of which are important for solving remote sensing problems. The concept of the photon mean optical path length and the implications for use in modeling reflectance spectra are presented. It is...
SHUTTLE IMAGING RADAR PROVIDES FRAMEWORK FOR SUBSURFACE GEOLOGIC EXPLORATION IN EGYPT AND SUDAN.
Carol S. Breed, John F. McCauley, Gerald G. Schaber
1984, Conference Paper
Shuttle Imaging Radar provides a pictorial framework to guide exploration for mineral resources (potential placers), groundwater sources, and prehistoric archaeological sites in the Western Desert of Egypt and Sudan. Documented penetration by the SIR-A signal of dry surficial sediment to depths of a meter or more revealed bedrock geologic features...
Inverse problems for torsional modes.
C. Willis
1984, Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society (78) 847-853
Considers a spherically symmetric, non-rotating Earth consisting of an isotropic, perfect elastic material where the density and the S-wave velocity may have one or two discontinuities in the upper mantle. Shows that given the velocity throughout the mantle and the crust and given the density in the lower mantle, then...
Effect of censoring trace-level water-quality data on trend-detection capability
R. J. Gilliom, R.M. Hirsch, E.J. Gilroy
1984, Environmental Science & Technology (18) 530-535
Monte Carlo experiments were used to evaluate whether trace-level water-quality data that are routinely censored (not reported) contain valuable information for trend detection. Measurements are commonly censored if they fall below a level associated with some minimum acceptable level of reliability (detection limit). Trace-level organic data were simulated with best-...
Computer-assisted cartography: an overview.
S.C. Guptill, L.E. Starr
1984, South African Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Cartography (14) 13-18
An assessment of the current status of computer-assisted cartography, in part, is biased by one's view of the cartographic process as a whole. From a traditional viewpoint we are concerned about automating the mapping process; from a progressive viewpoint we are concerned about using the tools of computer science to...
A simple model of ice segregation using an analytic function to model heat and soil-water flow
T. V. Hromadka II, G. L. Guymon
1984, Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Transactions of the ASME (106) 515-520
For slowly moving freezing fronts in soil, the heat-transport equation may be approximated by the Laplacian of temperature. Consequently, potential theory may be assumed to apply and the temperature state can be approximated by an analytic function. The movement of freezing fronts may be approximated by a time-stepped solution of...
A new occurrence of telluride minerals in South Carolina
H. Bell, R.R. Larson
1984, Southeastern Geology (24) 189-194
A study of drill cores from the Haile gold mine, Lancaster County, South Carolina, has revealed grains containing large amounts of Te with various combinations of Pb, Ag and Au in pyrite. These telluride minerals have so far not been identified. The nearby Brewer mine, on the basis of chemical...
Development and evaluation of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of triazine herbicides in natural water samples
T.R. Steinheimer, M.G. Brooks
1984, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (17) 97-111
A multi-residue method is described for the determination o triazine herbicides in natural water samples. The technique uses solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic separation and detection employing nitrogen-selective devices. Seven compounds can be determined simultaneously at a nominal detection limit of 0.1 μg/L in a...
Relationship of late Quaternary fault scarps to subjacent faults, eastern Great Basin, Utah
A. J. Crone, S.T. Harding
1984, Geology (12) 292-295
High-resolution seismic reflection profiles in the Sevier Desert basin in western Utah help clarify the relationship between some late Quaternary fault scarps and subjacent faults. A profile crossing the Clear Lake fault confirms that Holocene(?) displacement has occurred on a high-angle normal fault...
Sm-Nd, K-Ar and petrologic study of some kimberlites from eastern United States and their implication for mantle evolution
A. R. Basu, E. Rubury, H. Mehnert, M. Tatsumoto
1984, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (86) 35-44
We provide new data on Sm-Nd systematics, K-Ar dating and the major element chemistry of kimberlites from the eastern United States (mostly from central New York State) and their constituent mineral phases of olivine, clinopyroxene, garnet, phlogopite and perovskite. In addition, we report Nd-isotopes in a few kimberlites from South...
U-Th-Pb isotope chronology of sulfide ores and rocks in the early Proterozoic metavolcanic belt of northern Wisconsin
A. Afifi, B. R. Doe, P.K. Sims, M.H. Delevaux
1984, Economic Geology (79) 338-353
Lead was probably derived from 3.7-b.y.-old source material about 1.8 to 1.9 b.y. ago. Data on metavolcanic and granitic rocks from the belt show that the U-Th-Pb systems in most were reset about 1.6 b.y. ago; a time of shearing and retrogressive metamorphism. A concordia plot of the whole-rock lead...
Deformation, geochemistry, and origin of massive sulfide deposits, Gossan lead district, Virginia
J. E. Gair, J. F. Slack
1984, Economic Geology (79) 1483-1520
The Gossan Lead district is a 28-km-long, northeast-trending belt of discontinuous massive sulfide deposits in the Blue Ridge province of southwestern Virginia. The deposits, hosted by the Ashe Formation of late Proterozoic age, consist of strata-bound lenses and layers of massive pyrrhotite, minor chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite, and rare arsenopyrite...
Paleohydrological methods and some examples from Swedish fluvial environments. II - River meanders
G. P. Williams
1984, Geografiska Annaler, Series A (66 A) 89-102
Empirical relations are developed between river-meander features and water-discharge characteristics for 19 reaches along Swedish rivers. In these relations, either average channel width or average radius of curvature of meander arcs can be used to estimate average annual peak discharge and average daily discharge. By accepting certain assumptions,...
Geochronological and isotopic evidence for early Proterozoic crust in the eastern Arabian Shield
J. S. Stacey, C. E. Hedge
1984, Geology (12) 310-313
We report zircon U-Pb, feldspar common Pb, whole-rock Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr data from sample Z-103, a fine-grained granodiorite from the Jabal Khida region of the Saudi Arabian Shield (lat 21°19′N; long 44°50′W). The measurements yield conclusive evidence for continental crust of early Proterozoic...
Comparison of sediments and organisms in identifying sources of biologically available trace metal contamination
E.A. Thomson, Samuel N. Luoma, C.E. Johansson, D.J. Cain
1984, Water Research (18) 755-765
Sediments and an indicator organism (Macoma balthica, a deposit-feeding bivalve) were used to assess the relative importance of secondary sewage, urban runoff, a landfill containing metal-enriched ash wastes and a yacht harbor in contributing to Ag, Cu and Zn enrichment in South San Francisco Bay. Spatial gradients in sediments and...
Fluid heterogeneity during granulite facies metamorphism in the Adirondacks: stable isotope evidence
J.W. Valley, J. R. O’Neil
1984, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (85) 158-173
The preservation of premetamorphic, whole-rock oxygen isotope ratios in Adirondack metasediments shows that neither these rocks nor adjacent anorthosites and gneisses have been penetrated by large amounts of externally derived, hot CO2-H2O fluids during granulite facies metamorphism. This conclusion is supported by calculations of the effect of fluid volatilization and...
Lu-Hf constraints on the evolution of lunar basalts
Hirokazu Fujimaki, Mistunobu Tatsumoto
1984, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (89) B445-B458
Very low Ti basalts and green glass samples from the moon show high Lu/Hf ratios and low Hf concentrations. Low-Ti lunar basalts show high and variable Lu/Hf ratios and higher Hf concentrations, whereas high-Ti lunar basalts show low Lu/Hf ratios and high Hf concentrations. KREEP basalts have constant Lu/Hf ratios...
Regional variations in the fluvial Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian(?) Kanayut Conglomerate, Brooks Range, Alaska
Thomas E. Moore, T. H. Nilsen
1984, Sedimentary Geology (38) 465-497
The wholly allochthonous Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian(?) Kanayut Conglomerate is one of the most extensive fluvial deposits in North America. It crops out for 950 km along the crest of the Brooks Range in a series of thrust plates and is as thick as 2615 m. The Kanayut forms...
The origin and early genesis of clay bands in youthful sandy soils along lake Michigan, U.S.A.
R. C. Berg
1984, Geoderma (32) 45-62
A beach ridge and dune complex with good radiocarbon control sampling the last 3500 radiocarbon years B.P. provides new insights on the early genesis of clay bands in sandy soils. Soil profiles were sampled by age groups, described in the field, and then subjected to laboratory analyses for particle-size distribution,...
The occurrence and behavior of radium in saline formation water of the U.S. Gulf Coast region
T. F. Kraemer, D.F. Reid
1984, Chemical Geology (46) 153-174
Radium has been measured in deep saline formation waters produced from a variety of U.S. Gulf Coast subsurface environments, including oil reservoirs, gas reservoirs and water-producing geopressured aquifers. A strong positive correlation has been found between formation-water salinity and Ra...
Flameless atomic absorption determination of platinum, palladium, and rhodium in geologic materials
Philip Aruscavage, F.O. Simon, R. Moore
1984, Geostandards Newsletter (8) 3-6
Platinum, palladium and rhodium have been determined in 18 U.S. Geological Survey reference materials by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration by the classical leadfree assay technique. A comparison with literature values shows clearly the need for additional data on these samples before “best” values can be assigned....
Gold in natural water: A method of determination by solvent extraction and electrothermal atomization
J. B. McHugh
1984, Journal of Geochemical Exploration (20) 303-310
A method has been developed using electrothermal atomization to effectively determine the amount of gold in natural water within the nanogram range. The method has four basic steps: (1) evaporating a 1-L sample; (2) putting it in hydrobromic acid-bromine solution; (3) extracting the sample with methyl-isobutyl-ketone; and (4) determining the...
Uplift and submarine formation of some Melanesian porphyry copper deposits: Stable isotope evidence
A.R. Chivas, J. R. O’Neil, G. Katchan
1984, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (68) 326-334
Hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses of sericites and kaolinites from four young porphyry copper deposits (Ok Tedi (1.2 Ma) and Yandera (6.5 Ma), Papua New Guinea; Koloula (1.5 Ma), Solomon Islands; and Waisoi (<5 Ma), Fiji) indicate that the fluids from which these minerals precipitated were of mixed magmatic and...
Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream
Kenneth E. Bencala, Vance C. Kennedy, Gary W. Zellweger, Alan P. Jackman, Ronald J. Avanzino
1984, Water Resources Research (20) 1797-1803
An experimental injection was performed to study the transport of stream water solutes under conditions of significant interaction with streambed sediments in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream. Experiments were conducted in Little Lost Man Creek, Humboldt County, California, in a period of low flow duringwhich only a part of the bank-full...
Ferromanganese crust resources in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
R.F. Commeau, A. Clark, Chad Johnson, F.T. Manheim, P. J. Aruscavage, C.M. Lane
1984, Conference Paper, Oceans '84 : Conference record : Industry, government, education - Designs for the future
Ferromanganese crusts on raised areas of the ocean floor have joined abyssal manganese nodules and hydrothermal sulfides as potential marine resources. Significant volumes of cobalt-rich (about 1% Co) crusts have been identified to date within the US Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Central Pacific: in the NW Hawaiian Ridge...
