Age of tilted reefs, Hawaii
J.G. Moore, J.F. Campbell
1987, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (92) 2641-2646
Submerged carbonate reefs are preserved as a series of submarine terraces between Molokai and Hawaii along a 200-km span of the southeastern Hawaiian Ridge. Limestones from two of the terraces have been sampled from submersibles and dated radiometrically at 13 and 120 ka. Recognition that the terraces are tilted permits...
Behavior of sensitivities in the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation: Implications for parameter estimation and sampling design
Debra S. Knopman, Clifford I. Voss
1987, Water Resources Research (23) 253-272
The spatial and temporal variability of sensitivities has a significant impact on parameter estimation and sampling design for studies of solute transport in porous media. Physical insight into the behavior of sensitivities is offered through an analysis of analytically derived sensitivities for the one-dimensional form of the advection-dispersion equation. When...
Oxidation of pyrite in an anoxic atmosphere
A. N. Thorpe, F. E. Senftle, Corrine Alexander, F.T. Dulong, R.B. LaCount, S. Friedman
1987, Fuel (66) 147-153
Pyrite (FeS2) inclusions in coal, when heated in an oxygen deficient atmosphere (approximately 1% oxygen), become coated with magnetic Fe3O4 due to oxidation. Most of the FeS2 can thus be removed from the coal by magnetic separation to reduce the sulphur concentration. The oxidation products have been studied in greater detail by...
On the functional optimization of a certain class of nonstationary spatial functions
G. Christakos, P.N. Paraskevopoulos
1987, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications (52) 191-208
Procedures are developed in order to obtain optimal estimates of linear functionals for a wide class of nonstationary spatial functions. These procedures rely on well-established constrained minimum-norm criteria, and are applicable to multidimensional phenomena which are characterized by the so-called hypothesis of inherentity. The latter requires elimination of the polynomial,...
A compositional multiphase model for groundwater contamination by petroleum products: 2. Numerical solution
Arthur L. Baehr, M. Yavuz Corapcioglu
1987, Water Resources Research (23) 201-213
In this paper we develop a numerical solution to equations developed in part 1 (M. Y. Corapcioglu and A. L. Baehr, this issue) to predict the fate of an immiscible organic contaminant such as gasoline in the unsaturated zone subsequent to plume establishment. This solution, obtained by using a finite...
A preliminary report on the bentonite beds of the lower Virgin Creek Member of the Pierre Shale, Stanley County, South Dakota ( USA).
D. S. Collins
1987, Mountain Geologist (24) 81-85
The Virgin Creek Member of the Pierre Shales has been divided by earlier workers into lower and upper zones based on weathering and shale differences. Of the 49 bentonite beds of the lower Virgin Creek, the Government Draw Bentonite Beds, and bentonite bed 20 are the best markers for correlation...
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY'S NATIONAL REAL-TIME HYDROLOGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM USING GOES SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY.
William G. Shope Jr.
1987, Conference Paper
The U. S. Geological Survey maintains the basic hydrologic data collection system for the United States. The Survey is upgrading the collection system with electronic communications technologies that acquire, telemeter, process, and disseminate hydrologic data in near real-time. These technologies include satellite communications via the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, Data...
Use of stable sulphur isotopes to monitor directly the behaviour of sulphur in coal during thermal desulphurization
Chao-Li Liu, Keith C. Hackley, D.D. Coleman
1987, Fuel (66) 683-687
A method has been developed using stable sulphur isotope analyses to monitor the behaviour of sulphur forms in a coal during thermal desulphurization. In this method, the natural stable isotopic composition of the pyritic and organic sulphur in coal is used as a tracer to follow their mobility during the...
Genesis of marine terrace soils, Barbados, West Indies: evidence from mineralogy and geochemistry
D.R. Muhs, R.C. Crittenden, J.N. Rosholt, C. A. Bush, K. C. Stewart
1987, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms (12) 605-618
Well-developed, clay-rich soils dominated by interstratified kaolinite-smectite are found on the uplifted coral reef terraces on the island of Barbados. The reef limestone is unlikely to have been the soil parent material however, because it is 98% CaCO 3 and geomorphic evidence argues against the 20 m of reef solution...
Fate and movement of azaarenes and their anaerobic biotransformation products in an aquifer contaminated by wood-treatment chemicals
W. E. Pereira, C.E. Rostad, D.M. Updegraff, J.L. Bennett
1987, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (6) 163-176
Infiltration of wastes containing creosote and pentachlorophenol from surface impoundments at an abandoned wood-treatment facility near Pensacola, Florida, resulted in contamination of the underlying sand and gravel aquifer. Pond sludges and sediments near the source were contaminated with 2- to 5-ring azaarenes having log Kow values of from 2.0 to...
CLAYFORM: a FORTRAN 77 computer program apportioning the constituents in the chemical analysis of a clay or other silicate mineral into a structural formula
M.W. Bodine Jr.
1987, Computers & Geosciences (13) 77-88
The FORTRAN 77 computer program CLAYFORM apportions the constituents of a conventional chemical analysis of a silicate mineral into a user-selected structure formula. If requested, such as for a clay mineral or other phyllosilicate, the program distributes the structural formula components into appropriate default or user-specified structural sites (tetrahedral, octahedral,...
Analysis of time series of glacier speed: Columbia Glacier, Alaska
R. A. Walters, W. W. Dunlap
1987, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (92) 8969-8975
During the summers of 1984 and 1985, laser measurements were made of the distance from a reference location to markers on the surface of the lower reach of Columbia Glacier, Alaska. The data have numerous gaps, mostly because of inclement weather. The laser measurements were corrected for variations in atmospheric...
Inelastic properties of ice Ih at low temperatures and high pressures
S. H. Kirby, W.B. Durham, M. L. Beeman, H. C. Heard, M. A. Daley
1987, Journal de Physique Colloques (48) 227-232
The aim of our research programme is to explore the rheological behavior of H2O ices under conditions appropriate to the interiors of the icy satellites of the outer planets in order to give insight into their deformation. To this end, we have performed over 100 constant-strain-rate compression tests at pressures...
Critical behavior of dilute NaCl in H2O
Kenneth S. Pitzer, James L. Bischoff, Robert J. Rosenbauer
1987, Chemical Physics Letters (134) 60-63
The compositions of the saturated vapor and liquid phases are measured for the system NaCl-H2O at 380°C, which is close to the critical point of pure water. The shape of the phase equilibrium curve is classical, which confirms a conclusion reached earlier on the basis of less accurate data. This...
Evaluating evaporation from field crops using airborne radiometry and ground-based meteorological data
R. D. Jackson, M. S. Moran, L. W. Gay, L.H. Raymond
1987, Irrigation Science (8) 81-90
Airborne measurements of reflected solar and emitted thermal radiation were combined with ground-based measurements of incoming solar radiation, air temperature, windspeed, and vapor pressure to calculate instantaneous evaporation (LE) rates using a form of the Penman equation. Estimates of evaporation over cotton, wheat, and alfalfa fields were obtained on 5...
Molecular orbital (SCF-Xα-SW) theory of metal-metal charge transfer processes in minerals - II. Application to Fe2+ --> Ti4+ charge transfer transitions in oxides and silicates
David M. Sherman
1987, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals (14) 364-367
A molecular orbital description, based on Xα-Scattered wave calculations on a (FeTiO10)14− cluster, is given for Fe2+ → Ti4+ charge transfer transitions in minerals. The calculated energy for the lowest Fe2+ → Ti4+ metal-metal charge transfer transition is 18040 cm−1 in reasonable agreement with energies observed in the optical spectra of Fe-Ti oxides and silicates. As...
Testing the consistency for mapping urban vegetation with high-altitude aerial photographs and landsat MSS data
Franklin G. Sadowski, James A. Sturdevant, Rowan A. Rowntree
1987, Remote Sensing of Environment (21) 129-141
Two methods of analysis were evaluated for mapping urban vegetation on high-altitude, color-infrared aerial photographs and Landsat MSS data of Syracuse, NY. The first method consisted of defining the spatial patterns (strata) of urban vegetation occurrence. The second method discriminated woody and herbaceous vegetation classes within defined strata. Emphasis was...
CHANGES IN GRADE, VOLUME AND CONTAINED GOLD DURING THE MINING LIFE-CYCLE OF GOLD PLACER DEPOSITS.
J. D. Bliss, G. J. Orris, W. D. Menzie
1987, CIM Bulletin (80) 75-80
Analysis of gold placer data throughout the world suggests that gold grades and volumes cannot be used to distinguish between most types of gold placers. Only the alluvial plain and fan placers are significantly different among the types of gold placers considered. Gold grades and volumes change when working placers...
Reduction of selenate to selenide by sulfate-respiring bacteria: Experiments with cell suspensions and estuarine sediments
J.P. Zehr, Ronald S. Oremland
1987, Applied and Environmental Microbiology (53) 1365-1369
Washed cell suspensions of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. aestuarii were capable of reducing nanomolar levels of selenate to selenide as well as sulfate to sulfide. Reduction of these species was inhibited by 1 mM selenate or tungstate. The addition of 1 mM sulfate decreased the reduction of selenate and enhanced the reduction of sulfate. Increasing...
Early diagenesis of organic matter in a Sawgrass peat from the Everglades, Florida
W. H. Orem, Patrick G. Hatcher
1987, International Journal of Coal Geology (8) 33-54
The transformation of plant biopolymers to humic substances in peats during early diagenesis is a critical but poorly understood step in the formation of coal. This paper presents results concerning the structural interrelationships among various fractions of the organic matter in...
Hydraulic/Chemical Changes During Ground-Water Recharge by Injection
Scott N. Hamlin
1987, Groundwater (25) 267-274
Ground-water recharge by injection of reclaimed water is a feasible method of improving ground-water quality in the shallow aquifer system in the Palo Alto Baylands along the San Francisco Bay. Ground water was initially more saline than sea water. Reclaimed water was injected at a...
Isotope geochemistry of minerals and fluids from Newberry volcano, Oregon
W.W. Carothers, Robert H. Mariner, T. E. C. Keith
1987, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (31) 47-63
Isotopic compositions were determined for hydrothermal quartz, calcite, and siderite from core samples of the Newberry 2 drill hole, Oregon. The ??15O values for these minerals decrease with increasing temperatures. The values indicate that these hydrothermal minerals precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with water currently present in the reservoirs. The ??18O...
Evolution, biogeography, and systematics of Puriana: evolution and speciation in Ostracoda, III.
T. M. Cronin
1987, Journal of Paleontology (61)
Three types of geographic isolation—land barriers, deep water barriers, and climatic barriers—resulted in three distinct evolutionary responses in Neogene and Quaternary species of the epineritic ostracode genus Puriana. Through systematic, paleobiogeographic, and morphologic study of several hundred fossil and Recent populations from the eastern Pacific, western Atlantic,...
Studies of Quaternary saline lakes-III. Mineral, chemical, and isotopic evidence of salt solution and crystallization processes in Owens Lake, California, 1969-1971
G.I. Smith, I. Friedman, R. J. McLaughlin
1987, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (51) 811-827
As a consequence of the 1969–1970 flooding of normally dry Owens Lake, a 2.4-m-deep lake formed and 20% of the 2-m-thick salt bed dissolved in it. Its desiccation began August 1969, and salts started crystallizing September 1970, ending August 1971. Mineralogic,...
The distribution of nitrogen species and adsorption of ammonium in sediments from the tidal Potomac River and estuary
N.S. Simon, M.M. Kennedy
1987, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (25) 11-26
The distribution of dissolved ammonium, adsorbed ammonium and residual, organic and total nitrogen was measured in Potomac River tidal, transition zone and lower estuary sediments to a depth of 66 cm. For these sediments, exchangeable ammonium, and thereby adsorbed ammonium concentrations, were determined directly using an ammonia electrode in alkaline...
