Figure 1. Sketch map of Chile and Argentina showing the occurrence of glaciers in the Dry Andes (Desert Andes and Central Andes) and in the Wet Andes (Lakes Region and Patagonian Andes)
Figure 2. Longitudinal profile of the southern Andes seen from the west
Figure 3. Selected synoptic meteorological charts of southern South America
Figure 4. Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 images of the glaciers of Chile and Argentina
Table 1. Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 images of the glaciers of Chile and Argentina
Glaciers of the Dry Andes, by Louis Lliboutry
Figure 5. Comparison between an older U.S. Operational Navigation Chart and a Landsat 2 image
Figure 6. West-east cross section through the Central Andes at Portezuelo de/Paso Piuquenes (lat 33°38'S.)
Table 2. Summary of air temperatures recorded every 2 hours at the Observatorio del Infiernillo, 1962-65
Table 3. Mean air temperatures at the Observatorio del Infiernillo (4,320 m) and at Paso de la Cumbre/de Uspallata (3,827 m)
Figure 7. Photograph of snow penitents and ice penitents on Glaciar Olivares Beta at 4,700 m
Figure 8. Photograph of ice penitents on the lower part of Glaciar Marmolejo
Table 4. Area of drainage basin and discharge of mountain rivers in the Chilean Andes
Table 5. Most useful Landsat 1, 2, and 3 images of the glaciers of the Dry Andes
Table 6. Mountains and volcanoes that have permanent snow patches and glaciers north of lat 31°S., Perú, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina
Figure 9. Annotated Landsat MSS false-color composite image of the Central Andes between Santiago and Mendoza from Cerro Aconcagua to Volcán San José
Figure 10. Annotated Landsat MSS false-color composite image of the Central Andes
Figure 11. Sketch map of the Cerro (Volcán) Tupungato-Nevado de los Piuquenes area in the Central Andes
Figure 12. Vertical aerial photograph of glaciers, including Glaciar Sur del Tupungato, at the head of Río Tunuyán in 1973
Figure 13. Photograph of Glaciar Cachapoal, the largest debris-covered glacier in Chile
Table 7. Total glacier area in the Central Andes
Figure 14. Charts showing classifications of rock-glacier systems
Figure 15. Photograph of the Tres Dedos rock glacier in the Cerro Aconcagua group seen from the south in 1977
Figure 16. Photograph of rock glaciers at the head of Río Blanco, Provincia de Aconcagua, Chile, in January 1953
Figure 17. Vertical aerial photograph of glaciers on the southeast side of Cerro Mercedario
Figure 18. Sketch map of the Mendoza basin in Argentina west of Cerro Aconcagua showing the location of glaciers, ice-cored moraines, rock glaciers, and thermokarst features
Figure 19. Photograph from the summit of Cerro Alto looking to the east-northeast in January 1946
Figure 20. Vertical aerial photograph of part of the Río del Plomo valley and several surrounding glaciers, origin of the disastrous flood of 1934
Glaciers of the Wet Andes, by Louis Lliboutry
Table 8. Most useful Landsat 1, 2, and 3 images of the glaciers of the Wet Andes
Figure 21. Section of a Landsat 2 MSS false-color composite image of Monte/Cerro Tronador, an old, dissected volcano that has an ice cap and 11 outlet glaciers
Figure 22. Sketch map of Monte/Cerro Tronador and environs, Chile and Argentina
Figure 23. Sketch map of the fluctuations of the terminus of Glaciar Alerce (east flank of Monte/Cerro Tronador) between 1953 and 1981
Figure 24. Part of a Landsat 2 MSS image of the northern Wet Andes showing the volcano Monte Melimoyu and two small ice fields that have outlet glaciers
Table 9. Ice-capped volcanoes south of lat 35°S., Chile and Argentina
Figure 25. Part of a Landsat 2 MSS image of the Wet Andes north of Lago Buenos Aires/General Carrera showing Monte Macá, Nevado Cóndor, and two ice fields that have outlet glaciers
Figure 26. Landsat 5 MSS false-color composite image mosaic of the Northern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 27. Sketch map of the Northern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 28. Computer composite perspective views of the Northern Patagonian Ice Field from the southeast and from the northeast
Figure 29. Sketch map of the northern part of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 30. Sketch map of the southern part of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 31. Oblique color satellite photograph of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, Chile and Argentina, taken from the Salyut-6 orbital space station on 10 March 1978
Figure 32. Black-and-white and false-color mosaics of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field assembled from Landsat 5, TM images acquired on 14 January 1986
Figure 33. Landsat 2 false-color composite image of the northern part of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 34. Photograph taken in February 1966 from the summit of Cerro Bertrand looking toward the north and showing the three mountain ranges in the middle part of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 35. Oblique aerial photograph taken in March 1989 looking north-west at Glaciar Viedma in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field as it calves into Lago Viedma
Figure 36. Photograph of the head of the valley of the Río Eléctrico showing Cordón Marconi, Glaciar Marconi, and Laguna Eléctrico in November 1993
Figure 37. Sketch map of Glaciar Torre in 1967
Figure 38. Photographs of the FitzRoy-Torre massif
Figure 39. Photograph looking west at Glacier (Perito) Moreno from Cerro Buenos Aires
Figure 40. Sketch map of southwestern Tierra del Fuego
Figure 41. Photographs of Monte San Valentín, the highest mountain in Patagonia, in November 1995 and December 1985
Figure 42. Landsat 3 MSS false-color composite image of the Northern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 43. Photograph of the south part of the calving front of Glacier (Perito) Moreno in November 1993
Figure 44. Photograph of Nunatak del Viedma from Paso del Viento in February 1994
Figures 45-48. Trimetrogon (oblique) aerial photographs showing:
Figure 45. Three bands of tephra on Glaciar Chico in January 1945
Figure 46. Three transverse bands of tephra on Glaciar Viedma in January 1945
Figure 47. Three bands of tephra on Glaciar Occidental and Glaciar Greve
Figure 48. Several thin tephra layers on Glaciar Pascua
Figure 49. Landsat 3 RBV image of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 50. Landsat 3 RBV image of the central part of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 51. Landsat MSS false-color composite image of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 52. Photograph of the second tephra band of the three observed within layers in depression crevasses on Glaciar Viedma in February 1994
Table 10. Energy balances on ablation zones of the Patagonian Andes
Table 11. Mean variation of the glaciers of the Northern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 53. Sketch map of front margins of Glaciar Upsala
Table 12. Glacier variation in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
Figure 54. Sketch map of southern Patagonia showing terminal moraines, the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields, and the ice field of Cordillera Darwin
Figure 55. Sketch map showing documented changes in position of the terminus of Glaciar Brüggen
Figure 56. Sketch map of Isla Wellington between lat 49° and 50°S. showing three preferred orientations of channels and fjords
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U.S. Geological Survey, U.S.Department of the Interior