The Global Land-Cover Characteristics Database: The users' perspective
Jesslyn F. Brown, Thomas R. Loveland, Donald O. Ohlen, Zhi-Liang Zhu
1999, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (65) 1069-1074
A unique global land-cover characteristics database developed by the U.S. Geological Survey has been available to users since mid-1997. Access to the data is through the internet under the EROS (Earth Resources Observation Systems) Data Center's home page (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html). Since the release of the database, the data have been incorporated...
An analysis of IGBP global land-cover characterization process
Thomas R. Loveland, Zhiliang Zhu, Donald O. Ohlen, Jesslyn F. Brown, Bradley C. Reed, Limin Yang
1999, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (65) 1021-1032
The international Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) has called for the development of improved global land-cover data for use in increasingly sophisticated global environmental models. To meet this need, the staff of the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln developed and applied a global land-cover characterization methodology using 1992-1993...
Managing data from multiple disciplines, scales, and sites to support synthesis and modeling
R. J. Olson, J. M. Briggs, J.H. Porter, Grant R. Mah, S.G. Stafford
1999, Remote Sensing of Environment (70) 99-107
The synthesis and modeling of ecological processes at multiple spatial and temporal scales involves bringing together and sharing data from numerous sources. This article describes a data and information system model that facilitates assembling, managing, and sharing diverse data from multiple disciplines, scales, and sites...
Stream restoration at Denali National Park and Preserve
Roseann V. Densmore, Kenneth F. Karle
1999, Conference Paper, Proceedings: High altitude revegetation workshop No. 13; Information series no. 89
Placer mining for gold has severely disturbed many riparian ecosystems in northern regions. We are conducting a long-term project to test methods to promote restoration of a placer-mined watershed in Denali National Park and Preserve. The project included hydrological restoration of the unstable and excessively confined stream with heavy equipment....
International river basins of the world
Aaron T. Wolf, Jeffrey A. Natharius, Jeffrey J. Danielson, Brian S. Ward, Jan K. Pender
1999, International Journal of Water Resources Development (15) 387-427
It is becoming acknowledged that water is likely to be the most pressing environmental concern of the next century. Difficulties in river basin management are only exacerbated when the resource crosses international boundaries. One critical aid in the assessment of international waters has been the Register of International Rivers a...
Geochemical heterogeneity of a gasoline-contaminated aquifer
Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, Janet S. Herman, Mary Jo Baedecker, Jeffrey M. Fischer
1999, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology (40) 261-284
The scale of biogeochemical reactions was studied in a physically and chemically heterogeneous surficial Coastal Plain aquifer contaminated by a gasoline spill. The physical heterogeneity of the aquifer is manifested in two hydrologic units, a shallow local aquifer of perched water and a regional sandy aquifer. Over the studied vertical...
Data set incongruence and correlated character evolution: An example of functional convergence in the hind-limbs of stifftail diving ducks
K. G. McCracken, J. Harshman, D. A. Mcclellan, A. D. Afton
1999, Systematic Biology (48) 683-714
The unwitting inclusion of convergent characters in phylogenetic estimates poses a serious problem for efforts to recover phylogeny. Convergence is not inscrutable, however, particularly when one group of characters tracks phylogeny and another set tracks adaptive history. In such cases, convergent characters may be correlated with one or a few...
Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison
Mark D. Schwartz, Bradley C. Reed
1999, International Journal of Remote Sensing (20) 3451-3457
The objective of this work was to document the utility of phenological data derived from satellite sensors by comparing them with modelled phenology. Surface phenological model outputs (first leaf and first bloom dates) were correlated positively with satellite sensor-derived start of season (SOS) dates for 1991-1995 across the eastern United...
Multi-year persistence of oil mousse on high energy beaches distant from the Exxon Valdez spill origin
Gail V. Irvine, Daniel H. Mann, Jeffrey W. Short
1999, Marine Pollution Bulletin (38) 572-584
For at least 5 yr after the Exxon Valdez spill, relatively unweathered oil mousse has persisted on the exposed rocky shores of Shelikof Strait 500 km from Prince William Sound, Alaska. Previously it was thought that oil would be rapidly removed from such geomorphic settings by wave action. Oil mousse...
Soil-like deposits observed by Sojourner, the Pathfinder rover
Henry J. Moore, Donald B. Bickler, Joy A. Crisp, Howard J. Eisen, Jeffrey A. Gensler, Albert F.C. Haldemann, Jacob R. Matijevic, Lisa K. Reid, Ferenc Pavlics
1999, Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets (104) 8729-8746
Most of the soil-like materials at the Pathfinder landing site behave like moderately dense soils on Earth with friction angles near 34°-39° and are called cloddy deposits. Cloddy deposits appear to be poorly sorted with dust-sized to granule-sized mineral or rock grains; they may contain pebbles, small rock fragments, and...
Simulations of snow distribution and hydrology in a mountain basin
Melannie D. Hartman, Jill Baron, Richard B. Lammers, Donald W. Cline, Larry E. Band, Glen E. Liston, Christina L. Tague
1999, Water Resources Research (35) 1587-1603
We applied a version of the Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys) that implements snow redistribution, elevation partitioning, and wind-driven sublimation to Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS), an alpine-subalpine Rocky Mountain catchment where snow accumulation and ablation dominate the hydrologic cycle. We compared simulated discharge to measured discharge and the simulated snow...
A closure test for time-specific capture-recapture data
T.R. Stanley, K.P. Burnham
1999, Environmental and Ecological Statistics (6) 197-209
The assumption of demographic closure in the analysis of capture-recapture data under closed-population models is of fundamental importance. Yet, little progress has been made in the development of omnibus tests of the closure assumption. We present a closure test for time-specific data that, in principle, tests the null hypothesis of...
Conditions for bubble elongation in cold ice-sheet ice
R. B. Alley, J. J. Fitzpatrick
1999, Journal of Glaciology (45) 147-153
Highly elongated bubbles are sometimes observed in ice-sheet ice. Elongation is favored by rapid ice deformation, and opposed by diffusive processes. We use simple models to show that vapor transport dominates diffusion except possibly very close to the melting point, and that latent-heat effects are insignificant. Elongation...
Analysis of the tsunami generated by the MW 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake
E.L. Geist, M.L. Zoback
1999, Geology (27) 15-18
We examine possible sources of a small tsunami produced by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, recorded at a single tide gauge station situated at the opening to San Francisco Bay. Coseismic vertical displacement fields were calculated using elastic dislocation theory for geodetically constrained...
High-grade iron ore deposits of the Mesabi Range, Minnesota-product of a continental-scale proterozoic ground-water flow system
G. B. Morey
1999, Economic Geology (94) 133-141
The Mesabi Range along the north edge of the Paleoproterozoic Penokean orogen in northern Minnesota has produced 3.6 billion metric tons of ore since its discovery in 1890. Of that amount, 2.3 billion metric tons were extracted from hematite-or goethite-rich deposits generally referred to as "high-grade" ores. The high-grade ores...
Wild turkey poult survival in southcentral Iowa
Michael W. Hubbard, D.L. Garner, Erwin E. Klaas
1999, Journal of Wildlife Management (63) 199-203
Poult survival is key to understanding annual change in wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) populations. Survival of eastern wild turkey poults (M. g. silvestris) 0-4 weeks posthatch was studied in southcentral Iowa during 1994-97. Survival estimates of poults were calculated based on biweekly flush counts and daily locations acquired via radiotelemetry....
Practical Scheffe‐type credibility intervals for variables of a groundwater model
Richard L. Cooley
1999, Water Resources Research (35) 113-126
Simultaneous Scheffé‐type credibility intervals (the Bayesian version of confidence intervals) for variables of a groundwater flow model calibrated using a Bayesian maximum a posteriori procedure were derived by Cooley [1993b]. It was assumed that variances reflecting the expected differences between observed and model‐computed quantities used to calibrate the model are known, whereas...
The chemical and isotopic differentiation of an epizonal magma body: Organ Needle pluton, New Mexico
P. L. Verplanck, G. L. Farmer, M. McCurry, S.A. Mertzman
1999, Journal of Petrology (40) 653-678
Major and trace element, and Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of whole rocks and mineral separates from the Oligocene, alkaline Organ Needle pluton (ONP), southern New Mexico, constrain models for the differentiation of the magma body parental to this compositionally zoned and layered epizonal intrusive body. The data reveal...
Mapping the rupture process of moderate earthquakes by inverting accelerograms
M. Hellweg, J. Boatwright
1999, Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth (104) 7319-7328
We present a waveform inversion method that uses recordings of small events as Green's functions to map the rupture growth of moderate earthquakes. The method fits P and S waveforms from many stations simultaneously in an iterative procedure to estimate the subevent rupture time and amplitude relative to the Green's function event. We invert...
Integrated numerical modeling for basin-wide water management: The case of the Rattlesnake Creek basin in south-central Kansas
M.A. Sophocleous, J.K. Koelliker, R.S. Govindaraju, T. Birdie, S.R. Ramireddygari, S.P. Perkins
1999, Journal of Hydrology (214) 179-196
The objective of this article is to develop and implement a comprehensive computer model that is capable of simulating the surface-water, ground-water, and stream-aquifer interactions on a continuous basis for the Rattlesnake Creek basin in south-central Kansas. The model is to be used as a tool for evaluating long-term water-management...
Standing crop and sediment production of reef-dwelling foraminifera on O'ahu, Hawai'i
J.N. Harney, P. Hallock, C.H. Fletcher III, B. M. Richmond
1999, Pacific Science (53) 61-73
Most of O'ahu's nearshore and beach sands are highly calcareous and of biogenic origin. The pale-colored constituent grains are the eroded remains of carbonate shells and skeletons produced by marine organisms living atop the island's fringing reefs and in the shallow waters near shore. Previous studies have shown that the...
A new multistage groundwater transport inverse method: presentation, evaluation, and implications
Evan R. Anderman, Mary C. Hill
1999, Water Resources Research (35) 1053-1063
More computationally efficient methods of using concentration data are needed to estimate groundwater flow and transport parameters. This work introduces and evaluates a three‐stage nonlinear‐regression‐based iterative procedure in which trial advective‐front locations link decoupled flow and transport models. Method accuracy and efficiency are evaluated by comparing results to those obtained...
An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size
L.W. Ayers, S.H. Anderson
1999, Journal of Wildlife Management (63) 85-97
Most raptor aerial survey projects have focused on numeric description of visibility bias without identifying the contributing factors or developing predictive models to account for imperfect detection rates. Our goal was to develop a sightability model for nesting ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) that could account for nests missed during aerial...
Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source
E.L. Geist, R. Dmowska
1999, Pure and Applied Geophysics (154) 485-512
Variations in the local tsunami wave field are examined in relation to heterogeneous slip distributions that are characteristic of many shallow subduction zone earthquakes. Assumptions inherent in calculating the coseismic vertical displacement field that defines the initial condition for tsunami propagation are examined. By comparing the seafloor displacement from uniform...
The factors controlling species density in herbaceous plant communities: An assessment
J.B. Grace
1999, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics (2) 1-28
This paper evaluates both the ideas and empirical evidence pertaining to the control of species density in herbaceous plant communities. While most theoretical discussions of species density have emphasized the importance of habitat productivity and disturbance regimes, many other factors (e.g. species pools, plant litter accumulation, plant morphology) have been...
