Suspended sediment transport under estuarine tidal channel conditions
R.W. Sternberg, K. Kranck, D.A. Cacchione, D.E. Drake
1988, Sedimentary Geology (57) 257-272
A modified version of the GEOPROBE tripod has been used to monitor flow conditions and suspended sediment distribution in the bottom boundary layer of a tidal channel within San Francisco Bay, California. Measurements were made every 15 minutes over three successive tidal cycles. They included mean velocity profiles from four...
Wind directions predicted from global circulation models and wind directions determined from eolian sandstones of the western United States - A comparison
Judith T. Parrish, F. Peterson
1988, Sedimentary Geology (56) 261-282
Wind directions for Middle Pennsylvanian through Jurassic time are predicted from global circulation models for the western United States. These predictions are compared with paleowind directions interpreted from eolian sandstones of Middle Pennsylvanian through Jurassic age. Predicted regional wind directions correspond with at least three-quarters of the paleowind data from...
Synthesis of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic eolian deposits of the Western Interior of the United States
R.C. Blakey, F. Peterson, G. Kocurek
1988, Sedimentary Geology (56) 3-125
Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic eolian deposits include rock units that were deposited in ergs (eolian sand seas), erg margins and dune fields. They form an important part of Middle Pennsylvanian through Upper Jurassic sedimentary rocks across the Western Interior of the United States. These sedimentary rock units comprise approximately three...
Aftershocks of the western Argentina (Caucete) earthquake of 23 November 1977: Some tectonic implications
C.J. Langer, G. A. Bollinger
1988, Tectonophysics (148) 131-146
An aftershock survey, using a network of eight portable and two permanent seismographs, was conducted for the western Argentina (Caucete) earthquake (MS 7.3) of November 23, 1977. Monitoring began December 6, almost 2 weeks after the main shock and continued for 11 days. The data set includes 185 aftershock hypocenters that...
Fossil diatoms and neogene paleolimnology
Bradbury J. Platt
1988, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (62) 299-316
Diatoms have played an important role in the development of Neogene continental biostratigraphy and paleolimnology since the mid-19th Century. The history of progress in Quaternary diatom biostratigraphy has developed as a result of improved coring techniques that enable sampling sediments beneath existing lakes coupled with improved chronological control (including radiometric...
A proposed mechanism for the formation of spherical vivianite crystal aggregates in sediments
J.L. Zelibor Jr., F. E. Senftle, J.L. Reinhardt
1988, Sedimentary Geology (59) 125-142
Vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O] is often found in the form of nodules composed of spherical aggregates of crystals. Crystallization of vivianite in agar gels of various concentrations yield crystal aggregates (nodules) that have spherical morphology and a bimodal size distribution. The aggregates were formed under both biotic and abiotic conditions. When special...
Lacustrine varve formation through time
R.Y. Anderson, W.E. Dean
1988, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (62) 215-235
Studies using sediment traps in lakes reveal that the seasonal flux of sediment regulates both the composition and timing of deposition of materials that reach the bottoms of lakes. If the bottom waters of a lake are partly or totally anoxic, the seasonally deposited materials are preserved as annual groupings...
An improved dark-object subtraction technique for atmospheric scattering correction of multispectral data
Pat S. Chavez Jr.
1988, Remote Sensing of Environment (24) 459-479
Digital analysis of remotely sensed data has become an important component of many earth-science studies. These data are often processed through a set of preprocessing or “clean-up” routines that includes a correction for atmospheric scattering, often called haze. Various methods to correct or remove the additive haze component have been...
Pin stripe lamination: A distinctive feature of modern and ancient eolian sediments
S.G. Fryberger, Christopher J. Schenk
1988, Sedimentary Geology (55) 1-15
Pin stripe laminations are a distinctive feature of modern and ancient eolian sediments. In sets of eolian ripple (or translatent) strata they represent deposition of silt and very fine sand in the troughs of the advancing wind ripples. In sets of avalanche strata they probably result from the downward settling...
Use of airborne imaging spectrometer data to map minerals associated with hydrothermally altered rocks in the northern Grapevine Mountains, Nevada, and California
F.A. Kruse
1988, Remote Sensing of Environment (24) 31-51
Three flightlines of Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data, acquired over the northern Grapevine Mountains, Nevada, and California, were used to map minerals associated with hydrothermally altered rocks. The data were processed to remove vertical striping, normalized using an equal area normalization, and reduced to reflectance relative to an average spectrum...
Precambrian ophiolites of Arabia: Geologic settings, U Pb geochronology, Pb-isotope characteristics, and implications for continental accretion
J.S. Pallister, J. S. Stacey, L. B. Fischer, W. R. Premo
1988, Precambrian Research (38) 1-54
Disrupted ophiolites occur in linear belts up to 900 km long between microplates that collided during the late Proterozoic to form the Arabian Shield. UPb zircon ages and Pb-isotope data from these ophiolitic rocks help constrain the history of accretion of the Arabian Shield and thereby contribute to the definition...
Lognormal kriging for the assessment of reliability in groundwater quality control observation networks
L. Candela, Ricardo A. Olea, E. Custodio
1988, Journal of Hydrology (103) 67-84
Groundwater quality observation networks are examples of discontinuous sampling on variables presenting spatial continuity and highly skewed frequency distributions. Anywhere in the aquifer, lognormal kriging provides estimates of the variable being sampled and a standard error of the estimate. The average and the maximum standard error within the network can...
A multiple-objective optimal exploration strategy
G. Christakos, Ricardo A. Olea
1988, Mathematical and Computer Modelling (11) 413-418
Exploration for natural resources is accomplished through partial sampling of extensive domains. Such imperfect knowledge is subject to sampling error. Complex systems of equations resulting from modelling based on the theory of correlated random fields are reduced to simple analytical expressions providing global indices of estimation variance. The indices are...
A simple approach to nonlinear estimation of physical systems
G. Christakos
1988, Mathematical and Computer Modelling (11) 583-588
Recursive algorithms for estimating the states of nonlinear physical systems are developed. This requires some key hypotheses regarding the structure of the underlying processes. Members of this class of random processes have several desirable properties for the nonlinear estimation of random signals. An assumption is made about the form of...
Analysis of alternative modifications for reducing backwater at the Interstate Highway 10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana
Gregg J. Wiche, J. J. Gilbert, David C. Froehlich, Jonathan K. Lee
1988, Water Supply Paper 2267
In April 1979 and April 1980, major flooding along the lower Pearl River caused extensive damage to homes located on the flood plain in the Slidell, Louisiana, area. In response to questions about causes of these floods and means of mitigating future floods, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with...
Simulation of five ground-water withdrawal projections for the Black Mesa area, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona
J. G. Brown, J.H. Eychaner
1988, Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4000
The N Aquifer is the main source of water in the 5,400 sq mi Black Mesa area in the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations in northeastern Arizona. Water in the aquifer is under confined conditions in the central 3,300 sq mi of the area. Maximum saturated thickness is about 1,050...
Regionalization of mean annual suspended-sediment loads in streams, central, northwestern, and southwestern Colorado
J. G. Elliott
1988, Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4193
Regression analysis was used to develop models for estimating mean annual suspended-sediment loads for streams in Colorado. Mean annual suspended-sediment loads at 81 selected streamflow-gaging stations in the central, northwestern, and southwestern regions of Colorado were expressed as functions of geomorphic and hydrologic variables. A multiple-regression model that included mean...
Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water
R. E. Rathbun, D. Y. Tai
1988, Water Supply Paper 2342
Predicting the fate of organic compounds in streams and rivers often requires knowledge of the volatilization characteristics of the compounds. The reference-substance concept, involving laboratory-determined ratios of the liquid-film coefficients for volatilization of the organic compounds to the liquid-film coefficient for oxygen absorption, is used to predict liquid-film coefficients for...
A finite-element model for simulating hydraulic interchange of surface and ground water
K. C. Glover
1988, Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4319
A model was developed to be useful for predicting changes in streamflow as a result of groundwater pumping. The stream aquifer model is especially useful for simulating streams that flow intermittently owing to leakage to the aquifer or diversion for irrigation or streams that become perched owing to declining hydraulic...
Ground-water resources and simulation of flow in aquifers containing freshwater and seawater, Island County, Washington
D. B. Sapik, Gilbert C. Bortleson, B. W. Drost, M. A. Jones, E. A. Prych
1988, Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4182
Aquifers in Island County, Washington, that are intruded by seawater from Puget Sound contain chloride concentrations that exceed 100 mg/L. Chloride concentrations exceeded 100 mg/L in 24 % of the wells that were drilled below sea level and sampled in August 1981, but most of the chloride concentrations did not...
Mineral resources and resource potential map of the Pyramid Peak Roadless Area, Riverside County, California
J.P. Calzia
1988, Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1999
The Pyramid Peak Roadless Area is underlain by mid-Cretaceous plutonic rocks (granite, granodiorite, and tonalite) that intrude metasedimentary rocks of the Desert Divide Group. The granodiorite grades eastward into strongly deformed mylonitic rocks mapped as part of the Santa Rosa mylonite zone. Metasedimentary rocks, orthogneiss, and anatexites of the Palm...
Hydrogeology and preliminary assessment of regional flow in the upper Cretaceous and adjacent aquifers in the northern Mississippi embayment
J. V. Brahana, T. O. Mesko
1988, Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4000
On a regional scale, the groundwater system of the northern Mississippi embayment is composed of a series of nonindurated clastic sediments that overlie a thick sequence of Paleozoic carbonate, sandstones, and shales. The units that comprise the geohydrologic framework of this study are the alluvium-lower Wilcox Aquifer the Midway confining...
Estimation of natural dissolved-solids discharge in the Upper Colorado River basin, Western United States
D. K. Mueller, L.L. Osen
1988, Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4069
A statistical method was developed to estimate monthly natural dissolved-solids discharge at selected sites in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Natural dissolved-solids discharge was defined as the rate of inorganic-solute flow past a specific site that would have occurred if there had been no water-resources development in the basin upstream...
Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in southeastern Carson City, Nevada
D. K. Maurer
1988, Open-File Report 87-769
An existing groundwater model was used to simulate changes in groundwater flow caused by hypothetical pumping in an area near the south-eastern part of Carson City, Nevada. A total of five hypothetical pumping patterns were used in the model simulations. The simulations assumed two pumping rates: total annual average pumpage...
Low-flow routing in the Lehigh and Delaware Rivers, Pennsylvania
H.N. Flippo Jr.
1988, Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4331
Flow-routing studies were made to evaluate the response of the Lehigh and Delaware Rivers to low-flow augmentative releases from two reservoirs --Francis E. Walter Reservoir and Beltzville Lake--in the Lehigh River basin. Digital routing models that use diffusion-analogy methods to convolute flows with system-response functions were developed to simulate daily...
