Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment
D.I. Stannard, J.H. Blanford, William P. Kustas, W. D. Nichols, S.A. Amer, T.J. Schmugge, M.A. Weltz
1994, Water Environment Research (30) 1227-1239
A network of 9-m-tall surface flux measurement stations were deployed at eight sparsely vegetated sites during the Monsoon '90 experiment to measure net radiation, Q, soil heat flux, G, sensible heat flux, H (using eddy correlation), and latent heat flux, λE (using the energy balance equation). At four of these...
Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?
Alan Decho, Samuel N. Luoma
1994, Marine Ecology Progress Series (108) 133-145
Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) are common forms of organic matter in marine sedirnents, and are routinely ingested by deposit- and suspension-feeding animals. These compounds may be a sink for metals, implying that once metals are bound to humic substances they are no longer available to food webs....
Early warning system for aftershocks
W. H. Bakun, F.G. Fischer, E.G. Jensen, J. VanSchaack
1994, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (84) 359-365
A prototype early warning system to provide San Francisco and Oakland, California a few tens-of-seconds warning of incoming strong ground shaking from already-occurred M ≧ 3.7 aftershocks of the magnitude 7.1 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was operational on 28 October 1989. The prototype system consisted of four components:...
Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife
W. Nelson Beyer, Erin E. Connor, Sarah Gerould
1994, Journal of Wildlife Management (58) 375-382
Many wildlife species ingest soil while feeding, but ingestion rates are known for only a few species. Knowing ingestion rates may be important for studies of environmental contaminants. Wildlife may ingest soil deliberately, or incidentally, when they ingest soil-laden forage or animals that contain soil. We fed white-footed mice (Peromyscus...
Mangroves, hurricanes, and lightning strikes: Assessment of Hurricane Andrew suggests an interaction across two differing scales of disturbance
Thomas J. Smith III, Michael B. Robblee, Harold R. Wanless, Thomas W. Doyle
1994, BioScience (44) 256-262
The track of Hurricane Andrew carried it across one of the most extensive mangrove for ests in the New World. Although it is well known that hurricanes affect mangrove forests, surprisingly little quantitative information exists concerning hurricane impact on forest structure, succession, species composition, and dynamics of mangrove-dependent fauna or...
Use of molecular techniques to evaluate the survival of a microorganism injected into an aquifer
S.M. Thiem, M.L. Krumme, R. L. Smith, J.M. Tiedje
1994, Applied and Environmental Microbiology (60) 1059-1067
A PCR primer set and an internal probe that are specific for Pseudomonas sp. strain B13, a 3-chlorobenzoate-metabolizing strain, were developed. Using this primer set and probe, we were able to detect Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 DNA sequences in DNA extracted from aquifer samples 14.5 months after Pseudomonas sp. strain...
Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness
Cinzia Rossi, John R. Nimmo
1994, Water Resources Research (30) 701-708
Most analytical formulas used to model moisture retention in unsaturated porous media have been developed for the wet range and are unsuitable for applications in which low water contents are important. We have developed two models that fit the entire range from saturation to oven dryness in a practical and...
Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history
Baerbel K. Lucchitta, N.K. Isbell, Elpitha Howington-Kraus
1994, Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets (99) 3783-3798
Compilation of a simplified geologic/geomorphic map onto digital terrain models of the Valles Marineris permitted an evaluation of elevations in the vicinity of the troughs and the calculation of depth of troughs below surrounding plateaus, thickness of deposits inside the troughs, volumes of void spaces above geologic/geomorphic units, and volumes...
Effects of the planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on ovarian development, plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin, and progeny survival in the white perch (Morone americana)
Emily Monosson, Walker J Fleming, C. O’Sullivan
1994, Aquatic Toxicology (29) 1-19
Adult white perch were given three intraperitoneal injections of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) at one of three different doses (0.2–5.0 mg TCB/kg body weight). The TCB injections were initiated approx. 3 months prior to the spawning season and given at 3-week intervals. Fewer females matured in the group receiving the highest dose...
Coupling of volatile transport and internal heat flow on Triton
Robert H. Brown, Randolph L. Kirk
1994, Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets (99) 1965-1981
Recently Brown et al. (1991) showed that Triton's internal heat source could amount to 5–20% of the absorbed insolation on Triton, thus significantly affecting volatile transport and atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, Kirk and Brown (1991a) used simple analytical models of the effect of internal heat on the distribution of volatiles on...
Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea
Michael A. Arthur, Walter E. Dean, E.D. Neff, B.J. Hay, J. King, Glenn A. Jones
1994, Global Biogeochemical Cycles (8) 195-217
Sedimentologic and geochemical studies of box and gravity cores recovered from the Black Sea during the first leg of a multileg international Black Sea expedition in 1988 allow reconstruction of the basinwide Holocene environmental history of the Black Sea. In the deeper parts of the basin, box cores typically recovered...
40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas
Christopher D. Henry, Michael J. Kunk, W. C. McIntosh
1994, GSA Bulletin (106) 1359-1376
Field studies and 40Ar/39Ar dating reveal that silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains part of the Trans-Pecos Texas volcanic field occurred in six episodes at 0.3 m.y. intervals between 36.8 and 35.3 Ma. Additionally, two groups of silicic intrusions were emplaced at 34.6 and 32.8 Ma. This episodicity is similar to...
The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy
C. L. Rice, Harvey E. Belkin, T.W. Henry, R. E. Zartman, Michael J. Kunk
1994, GSA Special Papers (294) 87-104
The Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein, mostly kaolinite and minor accessory minerals, is an altered and lithified volcanic ash preserved as a thin, isochronous layer associated with the Fire Clay coal bed. Seven samples of the tonstein, taken along a 300-km traverse of the central Appalachian basin, contain cogenetic phenocrysts...
Charadrius montanus: Montane, grassland, or bare-ground plover?
Fritz L. Knopf, B. Miller
1994, The Auk (111) 504-506
The Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) is an aridland member of the Charadriidae. This plover is generally considered an associate of the North American shortgrass prairie, which is dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides; Graul 1975). The species breeds at many locations across the western Great...
Evaluation of Canada goose sterilization for population control
Kathryn A. Converse, James J. Kennelly
1994, Wildlife Society Bulletin (22) 265-269
We evaluated the vasectomy of 72 male Canada geese as a method to control growing populations of nuisance geese in Westchester County, New York. Thirty-three of the vasectomized males paired with a female and were located during ≥1 breeding seasons; 7 treated males were not seen following surgery. The remaining...
National standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, sediment, and aquatic organisms
L.H. Nowell, E.A. Resek
1994, Book chapter, Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology
The effects of pesticides1 on water quality commonly are assessed by comparing measured concentrations of individual pesticide compounds in the environment with concentrations that have been determined to have potential adverse effects on humans, aquatic organisms, or other beneficial uses of water. Direct evaluation of the adverse effects of every pesticide...
Neural networks for river flow prediction
Nachimuthu Karunanithi, William J. Grenney, Darrell Whitley, Ken Bovee
1994, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering (8) 201-203
The surface‐water hydrographs of rivers exhibit large variations due to many natural phenomena. One of the most commonly used approaches for interpolating and extending streamflow records is to fit observed data with an analytic power model. However, such analytic models may not adequately represent the flow process, because they are...
Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado
G.M. Hornberger, Kenneth E. Bencala, D.M. McKnight
1994, Biogeochemistry (25) 147-165
A quantitative understanding of the factors controlling the variation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in headwater streams is of scientific concern for at least two reasons. First, quantifying the overall carbon budgets of lotic systems is needed for a fundamental understanding of these systems. Second, DOC interacts strongly with other...
Overview of South‐east Asia land cover using a NOAA AVHRR one kilometer composite
Pierre Defourny, Udai C. Pradhan, Sritharan Vinay, Gary E. Johnson
1994, Geocarto International (9) 45-52
A cloud free AVHRR composite of South‐East Asia at one kilometer resolution has been produced from 38 selected daily NOAA‐11 AVHRR images. Geometric accuracy of about 1 pixel is achieved using a two‐step rectification algorithm (orbital model and transformation by ground control points). A spatial and spectral enhancement has been...
Mapping raster imagery to the interrupted Goode Homolosine projection
D.R. Steinwand
1994, International Journal of Remote Sensing (15) 3463-3471
Because of the increasing emphasis on global monitoring, processing remotely-sensed raster image data onto global map projections has become an important issue. One class of map projections, interrupted equal-area projections, is especially useful for this purpose. The use of the Interrupted Goode Homolosine map projection for the Global Land Advanced...
The effects of drought on population structure, activity, and orientation of toads Bufo quercicus and B. terrestris at a temporary pond
C.K. Dodd Jr.
1994, Ethology Ecology and Evolution (6) 331-349
From 1985 through 1990, I monitored the populations of two species of toads, Bufo quercicus and B. terrestris, at a temporary pond in the xeric uplands of north-central Florida. A drift fence with pitfall traps completely encircled the pond basin; the fence was monitored 5 days per week throughout the year. The 5-year...
Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites
J.S. Kargel
1994, Earth, Moon and Planets (67) 101-113
Evidence of past cryovolcanism is widespread and extremely varied on the icy satellites. Some cryovolcanic landscapes, notably on Triton, are similar to many silicate volcanic terrains, including what appear to be volcanic rifts, calderas and solidified lava lakes, flow fields, breached cinder cones or stratovolcanoes, viscous lava domes, and sinuous...
Probability of one or more M ≥7 earthquakes in southern California in 30 years
James C. Savage
1994, Geophysical Research Letters (21) 313-315
Eight earthquakes of magnitude greater than or equal to seven have occurred in southern California in the past 200 years. If one assumes that such events are the product of a Poisson process, the probability of one or more earthquakes of magnitude seven or larger in southern...
A 4500-year record of large floods on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona
J. E. O’Connor
1994, Journal of Geology (102) 1-9
A sequence of flood deposits left by the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, provides evidence of at least 15 floods with peak discharges greater than over the last 4500 yr. Ten floods during the last 2000-2300 yr...
Implementation and use of direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model
Eric D. Swain
1994, Groundwater (32) 139-144
The U.S. Geological Survey's MODFLOW finite-difference ground-water flow model has been coupled with three surface-water packages - the MODBRANCH, River, and Stream packages - to simulate surface water and its interaction with ground water. Prior to the development of the coupling packages, the only interaction between these modeling packages was...
