Evaluating sampling designs by computer simulation: A case study with the Missouri bladderpod
L.W. Morrison, D. R. Smith, C. Young, D.W. Nichols
2008, Population Ecology (50) 417-425
To effectively manage rare populations, accurate monitoring data are critical. Yet many monitoring programs are initiated without careful consideration of whether chosen sampling designs will provide accurate estimates of population parameters. Obtaining accurate estimates is especially difficult when natural variability is high, or limited budgets determine that only a small...
An adaptive two-stage sequential design for sampling rare and clustered populations
J.A. Brown, M.M. Salehi, M. Moradi, G. Bell, D. R. Smith
2008, Population Ecology (50) 239-245
How to design an efficient large-area survey continues to be an interesting question for ecologists. In sampling large areas, as is common in environmental studies, adaptive sampling can be efficient because it ensures survey effort is targeted to subareas of high interest. In two-stage sampling, higher density primary sample units...
Major- and Trace-Element Concentrations in Soils from Two Geochemical Surveys (1972 and 2005) of the Denver, Colorado, Metropolitan Area
James E. Kilburn, David B. Smith, L. Graham Closs, Steven M. Smith
2007, Data Series 299
Introduction This report contains major- and trace-element concentration data for soil samples collected in 1972 and 2005 from the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area. A total of 405 sites were sampled in the 1972 study from an area approximately bounded by the suburbs of Golden, Thornton, Aurora, and Littleton to the west,...
Geologic controls on movement of produced-water releases at US geological survey research Site A, Skiatook lake, Osage county, Oklahoma
James K. Otton, Robert A. Zielinski, Bruce D. Smith, Marvin M. Abbott
2007, Applied Geochemistry (22) 2138-2154
Highly saline produced water was released from multiple sources during oil field operations from 1913 to 1973 at the USGS research Site A on Skiatook Lake in northeastern Oklahoma. Two pits, designed to hold produced water and oil, were major sources for release...
Measuring thoron (220Rn) in natural waters
W. C. Burnett, Natasha T. Dimova, Henrieta Dulaiova, Derek Lane-Smith, Bahman Parsa, Zoltan Szabo
Peter Warwick, editor(s)
2007, Book chapter, Environmental radiochemical analysis III
No abstract available....
A proposed ethogram of large-carnivore predatory behavior, exemplified by the wolf
D.R. MacNulty, L. D. Mech, D.W. Smith
2007, Journal of Mammalogy (88) 595-605
Although predatory behavior is traditionally described by a basic ethogram composed of 3 phases (search, pursue, and capture), behavioral studies of large terrestrial carnivores generally use the concept of a "hunt" to classify and measure foraging. This approach is problematic because there is no consensus on what behaviors constitute a...
Does species diversity limit productivity in natural grassland communities?
J.B. Grace, T.M. Anderson, M. D. Smith, E. Seabloom, S.J. Andelman, G. Meche, E. Weiher, L.K. Allain, H. Jutila, M. Sankaran, J. Knops, M. Ritchie, M. R. Willig
2007, Ecology Letters (10) 680-689
Theoretical analyses and experimental studies of synthesized assemblages indicate that under particular circumstances species diversity can enhance community productivity through niche complementarity. It remains unclear whether this process has important effects in mature natural ecosystems where competitive feedbacks and complex environmental influences affect diversity-productivity relationships. In this study, we evaluated...
Effect of horseshoe crab spawning density on nest disturbance and exhumation of eggs: A simulation study
D. R. Smith
2007, Estuaries and Coasts (30) 287-295
Because the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) population is managed to provide for dependent species, such as migratory shorebirds, there is a need to understand the process of egg exhumation and to predict eggs available to foraging shorebirds. A simple spatial model was used to simulate horseshoe crab spawning...
Dynamics of cover, UV-protective pigments, and quantum yield in biological soil crust communities of an undisturbed Mojave Desert shrubland
Jayne Belnap, Susan L. Phillips, Stanley D. Smith
2007, Flora (202) 674-686
Biological soil crusts are an integral part of dryland ecosystems. We monitored the cover of lichens and mosses, cyanobacterial biomass, concentrations of UV-protective pigments in both free-living and lichenized cyanobacteria, and quantum yield in the soil lichen species Collema in an undisturbed Mojave Desert shrubland. During our sampling time, the...
An age-structured population model for horseshoe crabs in the Delaware Bay area to assess harvest and egg availability for shorebirds
J. A. Sweka, D. R. Smith, M. J. Millard
2007, Estuaries and Coasts (30) 277-286
The objective of this simulation study was to create an age-structured population model for horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphenols) in the Delaware Bay region using best available estimates of age-specific mortality and recent harvest levels. Density dependence was incorporated using a spatial model relating egg mortality with abundance of spawning females....
Estimating locations and total magnetization vectors of compact magnetic sources from scalar, vector, or tensor magnetic measurements through combined Helbig and Euler analysis
J. D. Phillips, M.N. Nabighian, D.V. Smith, Y. Li
2007, Conference Paper, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts
The Helbig method for estimating total magnetization directions of compact sources from magnetic vector components is extended so that tensor magnetic gradient components can be used instead. Depths of the compact sources can be estimated using the Euler equation, and their dipole moment magnitudes can be estimated using a least...
Intersex (Testicular Oocytes) in smallmouth bass from the Potomac River and selected nearby drainages
Vicki S. Blazer, Luke R. Iwanowicz, Deborah D. Iwanowicz, David R. Smith, John A. Young, J.D. Hedrick, S.W. Foster, S.J. Reeser
2007, Journal of Aquatic Animal Health (19) 242-253
Intersex, or the presence of characteristics of both sexes, in fishes that are normally gonochoristic has been used as an indicator of exposure to estrogenic compounds. In 2003, during health assessments conducted in response to kills and a high prevalence of skin lesions observed in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in...
Landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator-prey system
M. J. Kauffman, N. Varley, D.W. Smith, D.R. Stahler, D.R. MacNulty, M.S. Boyce
2007, Ecology Letters (10) 690-700
Because some native ungulates have lived without top predators for generations, it has been uncertain whether runaway predation would occur when predators are newly restored to these systems. We show that landscape features and vegetation, which influence predator detection and capture of prey, shape large-scale patterns of predation in a...
Tag-based estimates of annual fishing mortality of a mixed atlantic coastal stock of striped bass
S.A. Welsh, D. R. Smith, R.W. Laney, R.C. Tipton
2007, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (136) 34-42
Tag-based estimates of annual survival and fishing mortality rates supplement annual stock assessments of migratory striped bass Morone saxatilis in the interjurisdictional fishery along the Atlantic coast. We estimated a 17-year time series of annual survival and fishing mortality (F) rates for striped bass (>711 mm) tagged during winter trawl...
Evaluation of a small beach nourishment project to enhance habitat suitability for horseshoe crabs
N.L. Jackson, D. R. Smith, R. Tiyarattanachai, K.F. Nordstrom
2007, Geomorphology (89) 172-185
This field study evaluates the effect of nourishing an estuarine beach with gravel to enhance spawning rates by horseshoe crabs. A total of 564??m3 of coarse sand and gravel were emplaced in two 90??m-long treatment segments at Bowers Beach, Delaware, USA from 9 to 11 April 2002. Field data were...
Use of mammal manure by nesting burrowing owls: a test of four functional hypotheses
M. D. Smith, C.J. Conway
2007, Animal Behaviour (73) 65-73
Animals have evolved an impressive array of behavioural traits to avoid depredation. Olfactory camouflage of conspicuous odours is a strategy to avoid depredation that has been implicated only in a few species of birds. Burrowing owls, Athene cunicularia, routinely collect dried manure from mammals and scatter it in their nest...
Contrasting cratonal provenances for upper Cretaceous Valle Group quartzite clasts, Baja California
D.L. Kimbrough, G. Abbott, D.P. Smith, J. B. Mahoney, Thomas E. Moore, G. E. Gehrels
G. H. Girty, John D. Cooper, editor(s)
2006, Book chapter, Using stratigraphy, sedimentology, and geochemistry to unravel the geologic history of the southwestern Cordillera
Late Cretaceous Valle Group forearcbasin deposits on the Vizcaino Peninsula of Baja California Sur are dominated by firstcycle arc-derived volcanic-plutonic detritus derived from the adjacent Peninsular Ranges batholith. Craton-derived quartzite clasts are a minor but ubiquitous component in Valle Group conglomerates. The source of these clasts has implications for tectonic...
Application of municipal biosolids to dry-land wheat fields - A monitoring program near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA). A presentation for an international conference: "The Future of Agriculture: Science, Stewardship, and Sustainability", August 7-9, 2006, Sacramento, CA
James G. Crock, David B. Smith, Tracy J.B. Yager
2006, Open-File Report 2006-1286
Since late 1993, Metro Wastewater Reclamation District of Denver (Metro District), a large wastewater treatment plant in Denver, Colorado, has applied Grade I, Class B biosolids to about 52,000 acres of non-irrigated farmland and rangeland near Deer Trail, Colorado. In cooperation with the Metro District in 1993, the U.S. Geological...
Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey maps and data, East Poplar oil field area, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, northeastern Montana, August 2004
Bruce D. Smith, Joanna N. Thamke, Michael J. Cain, Christa Tyrrell, Patricia L. Hill
2006, Open-File Report 2006-1216
This report is a data release for a helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey that was conducted during August 2004 in a 275-square-kilometer area that includes the East Poplar oil field on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation. The electromagnetic equipment consisted of six different coil-pair orientations that measured resistivity at separate...
Abundance of adult horseshoe crabs (Limulus polylphemus) in Delaware Bay estimated from a bay-wide mark-recapture study
D. R. Smith, M. J. Millard, S. Eyler
2006, Fishery Bulletin (104) 456-464
Estimates of the abundance of American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) are important to determine egg production and to manage populations for the energetic needs of shorebirds that feed on horseshoe crab eggs. In 2003, over 17,500 horseshoe crabs were tagged and released throughout Delaware Bay, and recaptured crabs came from...
The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean
K. Moran, J. Backman, H. Brinkhuis, S.C. Clemens, Thomas M. Cronin, G.R. Dickens, F. Eynaud, J. Gattacceca, M. Jakobsson, R.W. Jordan, M. Kaminski, J. King, N. Koc, A. Krylov, N. Martinez, J. Matthiessen, D. McInroy, T.C. Moore, J. Onodera, M. O'Regan, H. Palike, B. Rea, D. Rio, T. Sakamoto, D. C. Smith, R. Stein, John K. St, I. Suto, N. Suzuki, K. Takahashi, M. E. Watanabe, M. Yamamoto, J. Farrell, M. Frank, P. Kubik, W. Jokat, Y. Kristoffersen
2006, Nature (441) 601-605
The history of the Arctic Ocean during the Cenozoic era (0–65 million years ago) is largely unknown from direct evidence. Here we present a Cenozoic palaeoceanographic record constructed from >400 m of sediment core from a recent drilling expedition to the Lomonosov ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Our record shows a...
Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in surface soils, Pueblo, Colorado: Implications for population health risk
D.M. Diawara, J.S. Litt, D. Unis, N. Alfonso, L.A. Martinez, J. G. Crock, D. B. Smith, J. Carsella
2006, Environmental Geochemistry and Health (28) 297-315
Decades of intensive industrial and agricultural practices as well as rapid urbanization have left communities like Pueblo, Colorado facing potential health threats from pollution of its soils, air, water and food supply. To address such concerns about environmental contamination, we conducted an urban geochemical study of the city of Pueblo...
Trophic transfer of trace metals: Subcellular compartmentalization in a polychaete and assimilation by a decapod crustacean
P.S. Rainbow, L. Poirier, B. D. Smith, K.V. Brix, S. N. Luoma
2006, Marine Ecology Progress Series (308) 91-100
The chemical form of accumulated trace metal in prey is important in controlling the bioavailability of dietary metal to a predator. This study investigated the trophic transfer of radiolabelled Ag, Cd and Zn from the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor to the decapod crustacean Palaemonetes varians. We used 2 populations of worms with different...
Survey design for detecting rare freshwater mussels
D. R. Smith
2006, Journal of the North American Benthological Society (25) 701-711
A common objective when surveying freshwater mussels is to detect the presence of rare populations. In certain situations, such as when endangered or threatened species are potentially in the area of a proposed impact, the survey should be designed to ensure a high probability of detecting species presence. Linking survey...
Seeing the elephant: Importance of spatial and temporal coverage in a large-scale volunteer-based program to monitor horseshoe crabs
D. R. Smith, S.F. Michels
2006, Fisheries (31) 485-491
As in John Godfrey Saxe's poem about six blind men and an elephant, conclusions drawn from a monitoring program depend critically on where and when observations are made. We examined results from the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) spawning survey to evaluate the effect of spatial and temporal coverage...
