A systematic approach to modelling the dynamic linkage of climate, physical catchment descriptors and hydrologic response components
A.J. Jakeman, G.M. Hornberger, I.G. Littlewood, P.G. Whitehead, J. W. Harvey, K.E. Bencala
1992, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (33) 359-366
No abstract available....
Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions involving vanadium in natural systems: Accumulation of vanadium in sedimentary rocks
R. B. Wanty, M. B. Goldhaber
1992, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (56) 1471-1483
A critical review of thermodynamic data for aqueous and solid V species is presented to evaluate dissolution, transport, and precipitation of V under natural conditions. Emphasis is given to results of experimental studies of V chemistry, especially those for which the experimental conditions are near those found in nature. Where...
Residence times in river basins as determined by analysis of long-term tritium records
R. L. Michel
1992, Journal of Hydrology (130) 367-378
The US Geological Survey has maintained a network of stations to collect samples for the measurement of tritium concentrations in precipitation and streamflow since the early 1960s. Tritium data from outflow waters of river basins draining 4500–75000 km2 are used to determine average residence times of water within the basins. The...
Modeling transport in transient ground-water flow: An unacknowledged approximation
Daniel J. Goode
1992, Ground Water (30) 257-261
During unsteady or transient ground-water flow, the fluid mass per unit volume of aquifer changes as the potentiometric head changes, and solute transport is affected by this change in fluid storage. Three widely applied numerical models of two-dimensional transport partially account for the effects of transient flow by removing terms...
Radiocarbon dating of groundwater in a confined aquifer in southeast Arizona
F. N. Robertson
1992, Radiocarbon (34) 664-676
Radiocarbon, δ13C and major-element data were used to construct a geochemical framework for interpretation of the hydrological flow system in the lower San Pedro basin, southeastern Arizona, USA. The 14C and major-element data show a regional confined aquifer that extends throughout most of the basin. Groundwater ages, after correcting...
Triton's surface-atmosphere energy balance
J.A. Stansberry, R.V. Yelle, J. I. Lunine, A. S. McEwen
1992, Icarus (99) 242-260
We explore the energetics of Triton's surface-atmosphere system using a model that includes the turbulent transfer of sensible heat as well as insolation, reradiation, and latent heat transport. The model relies on a 1° by 1° resolution hemispheric bolometric albedo map...
Thermal waters along the Konocti Bay fault zone, Lake County, California: a re-evaluation
J. M. Thompson, Robert H. Mariner, L. D. White, T. S. Presser, William C. Evans
1992, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (53) 167-183
The Konocti Bay fault zone (KBFZ), initially regarded by some as a promising target for liquid-dominated geothermal systems, has been a disappointment. At least five exploratory wells were drilled in the vicinity of the KBFZ, but none were successful. Although the Na-K-Ca and Na-Li geothermometers indicate that the thermal waters...
Late Pleistocene equilibrium-line reconstructions in the northern Peruvian Andes
D. T. Rodbell
1992, Boreas (21) 43-52
ELA reconstructions using the toe-to-headwall-altitude ratio method for paleoglaciers in the Cordilleras Blanca and Oriental, northern Peruvian Andes indicate that ELAs during the last glacial maximum (LGM; marine isotope stage 2)) were c.4300 m in the Cordillera Blanca, c.3900-3600 m on the west side of the Cordillera Oriental, and c.3200...
Development of spatial data guidelines and standards: spatial data set documentation to support hydrologic analysis in the U.S. Geological Survey
James L. Fulton
1992, Conference Paper, ASTM Special Technical Publication
Spatial data analysis has become an integral component in many surface and sub-surface hydrologic investigations within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Currently, one of the largest costs in applying spatial data analysis is the cost of developing the needed spatial data. Therefore, guidelines and standards are required for the development...
Hydraulic roughness of earth covers at a cold-desert waste burial site
B.F. Goff, G.C. Bent, G.E. Hart
1992, Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation (6) 327-338
A kinematic wave model of overland flow was used to calculate hydraulic roughness coefficients for earth covers and native hillslope surfaces at a waste burial site. Manning's n roughness coefficients were greater on earth cover plots planted to crested wheatgrass (n = 0.076) than on those planted to streambank wheatgrass...
Sampling design for spatially distributed hydrogeologic and environmental processes
G. Christakos, Ricardo A. Olea
1992, Advances in Water Resources (15) 219-237
A methodology for the design of sampling networks over space is proposed. The methodology is based on spatial random field representations of nonhomogeneous natural processes, and on optimal spatial estimation techniques. One of the most important results of random field theory for physical sciences is its rationalization of correlations in...
Use of a regional atmospheric model to simulate lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with Pleistocene Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville
S. W. Hostetler, F. Giorgi
1992, Climate Dynamics (7) 39-44
A regional model of the atmosphere (version 4 of the NCAR mesoscale model, MM4) was used to assess whether lake-effect precipitation was a significant component of the late-Pleistocene hydrologic budgets of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. Control simulations for January and July of 1979 were made using MM4, and the Pleistocene...
Comparison of three newton-like nonlinear least-squares methods for estimating parameters of ground-water flow models
R.L. Cooley, M. C. Hill
1992, Conference Paper, Finite Elements in Water Resources, Proceedings of the International Conference
Three methods of solving nonlinear least-squares problems were compared for robustness and efficiency using a series of hypothetical and field problems. A modified Gauss-Newton/full Newton hybrid method (MGN/FN) and an analogous method for which part of the Hessian matrix was replaced by a quasi-Newton approximation (MGN/QN) solved some of the...
Incorporation and redistribution of locally derived lithic fragments within a pyroclastic flow
D.C. Buesch
1992, Geological Society of America Bulletin (104) 1193-1207
The lower Miocene Peach Springs Tuff exposed in the Newberry Mountains, California, was deposited within a paleovalley trending S65°W. Exposures within the paleovalley contain lithic breccia intercalated with ash-rich ignimbrite. The clast assemblage of the lithic breccias matches the rock types of the paleovalley walls, and therefore the clasts were...
Mineralogy and geochemistry of two metamorphosed sedimentary manganese deposits, Sierra Nevada, California, USA
M.J.K. Flohr, J.S. Huebner
1992, LITHOS (29) 57-85
Laminated to massive rhodochrosite, hausmannite, and Mn-silicates from the Smith prospect and Manga-Chrome mine, Sierra Nevada, California were deposited as ocean floor sediments associated with chert and shale. The principal lithologies at Smith are chert, argillite, rhodochrosite-, hausmannite- and chlorite-rich layers, and relatively uncommon layers of jacobsite. The Manga-Chrome mine...
Groundwater flow, velocity, and age in a thick, fine-grained till unit in southeastern Wisconsin
W.W. Simpkins, K. R. Bradbury
1992, Journal of Hydrology (132) 283-319
Piezometer nests were installed at study sites in each of five north-south-trending end moraines of the late Pleistocene Oak Creek Formation in southeastern Wisconsin. The formation is composed primarily of a fine-grained glacial diamicton (till) and laterally continuous and discontinuous, coarse-grained lake and meltwater stream sediment. It overlies the Silurian...
Organic control on shoreface stacking patterns: bogged down in the mire
P.J. McCabe, K.W. Shanley
1992, Geology (20) 741-744
In ever-wet climates, raised mires that are elevated several metres above flood levels can cover significant portions of coastal plains. Because peat accumulation may keep pace with moderate rates of base-level rise, the development of raised mires may reduced the areal extent of...
Modeling of ancient climate from deuterium content of water in volcanic glass
I. Friedman, J. Gleason, R. Wilcox, A. Warden
1992, Quaternary International (13-14) 201-203
The explosive nature of the eruptions that produced rhyolitic tephras resulted in the ash being distributed over large areas. This ash, within a few thousand years after deposition, incorporated relatively large amounts of environmental water (up to 3.5%) into the glass structure. This hydration water is shown to retain its...
Analysis of geomagnetic secular variation during 1980-1985 and 1985- 1990, and geomagnetic models proposed for the 1991 revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field
N.W. Peddie
1992, Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity (44) 735-743
The secular variation of the main geomagnetic field during the periods 1980-1985 and 1985-1990 was analyzed in terms of spherical harmonics up to the eighth degree and order. Data from worldwide magnetic observatories and the Navy's Project MAGNET aerial surveys were used. The resulting pair of secular-variation models...
Age and nature of the basement in northeastern Washington and northern Idaho: isotopic evidence from Mesozoic and Cenozoic granitoids
M.J. Whitehouse, J. S. Stacey, F. K. Miller
1992, Journal of Geology (100) 691-701
K-feldspar Pb and whole rock Nd isotopic analyses from 25 Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic rocks and two gneisses from NE Washington and northern Idaho are used to elucidate the age and nature of the concealed cratonic basement. The plutons form two highly...
Species dominance and equitability: patterns in Cenozoic foraminifera of eastern North America
T. G. Gibson, E.E. Hill
1992, Journal of Foraminiferal Research (22) 34-51
Species dominance in benthonic foraminifera, represented by percent of the assemblage composed of the single most abundant species, shows little change in observed range of values from shallow into deep-marine waters in 1005 samples from the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic, and Arctic margins of North America. This finding contrasts with...
Ground-water models cannot be validated
Leonard F. Konikow, J.D. Bredehoeft
1992, Advances in Water Resources (15) 75-83
Ground-water models are embodiments of scientific hypotheses. As such, the models cannot be proven or validated, but only tested and invalidated. However, model testing and the evaluation of predictive errors lead to improved models and a better understanding of the problem at hand....
Solution properties of almandine-pyrope garnet as determined by phase equilibrium experiments
A.M. Koziol, S.R. Bohlen
1992, American Mineralogist (77) 765-773
The thermodynamic mixing properties of almandine-pyrope garnet were derived from phase equilibrium experiments at temperatures of 900 and 1000??C and pressures from 8 to 14 kbar. Almandine has essentially ideal behavior in almandine-pyrope garnet over the composition range Alm89-Alm61 at the above experimental conditions. In all experimental products a systematic...
Evaluation of models proposed for the 1991 revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field
N.W. Peddie
1992, Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity (44) 793-803
The 1991 revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) comprises a definitive main-field model for 1985.0, amain-field model for 1990.0, and a forecast secular-variation model for the period 1990-1995. The five 1985.0 main-field models and five 1990.0 main-field models that were proposed have been evaluated by comparing...
Remote sensing of water clarity and suspended sediments in coastal waters
R. P. Stumpf
1992, Conference Paper, Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
Processing of data for estimation of suspended sediment concentrations and water clarity in turbid coastal water requires three components: (1) correction of raw data to water reflectance; (2) establishment of appropriate general models relating reflectance characteristics to materials in the water; and (3) determination of the coefficients of the models...
