Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States
L.M. Cowardin, V. Carter, F.C. Golet, E.T. LaRoe
1979, FWS/OBS 79/31
This classification, to be used in a new inventory of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States, is intended to describe ecological taxa, arrange them in a system useful to resource managers, furnish units for mapping, and provide uniformity of concepts and terms. Wetlands are defined by plants (hydrophytes),...
Earthquakes; March-April, 1979
W. J. Person
1979, Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS) (11) 183-186
This was a moderately active period, seismically speaking. Three major earthquakes having magnitudes (M) ranging from 7.0 to 7.9 to only one major quake during the first 2 months of the year. Major earthquakes struck in Mexico, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia. The Yugoslavian earthquake caused considerable damage and loss of life. In...
The geochemistry of the Fox Hills-Basal Hell Creek Aquifer in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota
Donald C. Thorstenson, Donald W. Fisher, Mack G. Croft
1979, Water Resources Research (15) 1479-1498
The Late Cretaceous Fox Hills Formation and the basal portion of the overlying Hell Creek Formation constitute an important aquifer in the Fort Union coal region. Throughout most of southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota the aquifer is at depths ranging from 1000 to 2000 ft, except for exposures...
Dynamics of volcanic plumes on Io
A. F. Cook, E.M. Shoemaker, B.A. Smith
1979, Nature (280) 743-746
Ballistic and aerodynamic models are proposed to explain the volcanic plumes on Io, with particular reference to Plumes 1 and 3 which seem to have the same origin....
A review of numerical simulation of hydrothermal systems
J.W. Mercer, C.R. Faust
1979, Hydrological Sciences Bulletin (24) 335-344
Many advances in simulating single and two-phase fluid flow and heat transport in porous media have recently been made in conjunction with geothermal energy research. These numerical models reproduce system thermal and pressure behaviour and can be used for heat-transport problems other than those associated with geothermal energy development, such...
Arsenic and fluoride in the upper madison river system: Firehole and gibbon rivers and their tributaries, yellowstone national park, wyoming, and southeast montana
J. M. Thompson
1979, Environmental Geology (3) 13-21
Chemical analyses of 21 water samples from the Firehole and Gibbon Rivers, which combine to form the Madison River, gave arsenic and fluoride values above the Environmental Protection Agency Interim Primary Drinking Water maximum contaminant levels (0.05 mg/l arsenic and 2.0 mg/l fluoride). On 18 October, 1975, during a period...
Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise
Jean Francheteau, H.D. Needham, P. Choukroune, Tierre Juteau, M. Seguret, Richard D. Ballard, P.J. Fox, William Normark, A. Carranza, D. Cordoba, J. Guerrero, C. Rangin, H. Bougault, P. Cambon, R. Hekinian
1979, Nature (277) 523-528
Massive ore-grade zinc, copper and iron sulphide deposits have been found at the axis of the East Pacific Rise. Although their presence on the deep ocean-floor had been predicted there was no supporting observational evidence. The East Pacific Rise deposits represent a modern analogue of Cyprus-type sulphide ores associated with...
The immune response of rainbow trout in a standardized environment: a model for vaccine antigenicity tests
D. P. Anderson, O.L. Dixon, B.S. Roberson
1979, Fish Health News (8) iv-v
Beach-cusp formation
A. H. Sallenger Jr.
1979, Marine Geology (29) 23-37
Field experiments on beach-cusp formation were undertaken to document how the cuspate form develops and to test the edge-wave hypothesis on the uniform spacing of cusps. These involved observations of cusps forming from an initially plane foreshore. The cuspate form was observed to be a product of swash modification of an...
D/H ratios in speleothem fluid inclusions: A guide to variations in the isotopic composition of meteoric precipitation?
R.S. Harmon, H.P. Schwarcz, J. R. O’Neil
1979, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (42) 254-266
D/H ratios of fluid inclusion waters extracted from230Th/234U-dated speleothems that were originally deposited under conditions of isotopic equilibrium should provide a direct estimate of the hydrogen isotopic composition of ancient meteoric waters. We present here D/H ratios for 47 fluid inclusion...
Origin of reverse-graded bedding in air-fall pumice, Coso Range, California
W. A. Duffield, C. R. Bacon, G.R. Roquemore
1979, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (5) 35-48
The origin of reverse grading in air-fall pyroclastic deposits has been ascribed to: (1) changing conditions at an erupting vent; (2) deposition in water; or (3) rolling of large clasts over smaller clasts on the surface of a steep slope. Structural features in a deposit of air-fall pumice lapilli in...
Major geochemical processes in the evolution of carbonate-Aquifer systems
B.B. Hanshaw, W. Back
1979, Journal of Hydrology (43) 287-312
As a result of recent advances by carbonate petrologists and geochemists, hydrologists are provided with new insights into the origin and explanation of many aquifer characteristics and hydrologic phenomena. Some major advances include the recognition that: (1) most carbonate sediments are of biological origin; (2) they have a strong bimodal...
Chemical and isotopic prediction of aquifer temperatures in the geothermal system at Long Valley, California
R.O. Fournier, M.L. Sorey, Robert H. Mariner, A.H. Truesdell
1979, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (5) 17-34
Temperatures of aquifers feeding thermal springs and wells in Long Valley, California, estimated using silica and Na-K-Ca geothermometers and warm spring mixing models, range from 160/dg to about 220??C. This information was used to construct a diagram showing enthalpy-chloride relations for the various thermal waters in the Long Valley region....
A practical method of estimating standard error of age in the fission track dating method
N.M. Johnson, V.E. McGee, C. W. Naeser
1979, Nuclear Tracks (3) 93-99
A first-order approximation formula for the propagation of error in the fission track age equation is given by PA = C[P2s+P2i+P2??-2rPsPi] 1 2, where PA, Ps, Pi and P?? are the percentage error of age, of spontaneous track density, of induced track density, and of neutron dose, respectively, and C...
Space, time, and the third dimension (model error)
Marshall E. Moss
1979, Water Resources Research (15) 1797-1800
The space-time tradeoff of hydrologic data collection (the ability to substitute spatial coverage for temporal extension of records or vice versa) is controlled jointly by the statistical properties of the phenomena that are being measured and by the model that is used to meld the information sources. The control exerted...
Mathematics and mallard management
L.M. Cowardin, Douglas H. Johnson
1979, Journal of Wildlife Management (43) 18-35
Waterfowl managers can effectively use simple population models to aid in making management decisions. We present a basic model of the change in population size as related to survival and recruitment. A management technique designed to increase survival of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) by limiting harvest on the Chippewa National Forest,...
Solubility of some alkali and alkaline earth chlorides in water at moderate temperatures
M.A. Clynne, R.W. Potter II
1979, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data (24) 338-340
Solubilities for the binary systems, salt-H2O, of the chlorides of lithium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium from near 0??C to the saturated boiling point are reported. The experimental data and coefficients of an equation for a smoothed curve describing each system are listed in the tables. The data...
Chemical composition of Mars
J. W. Morgan, E. Anders
1979, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (43) 1601-1610
The composition of Mars has been calculated from the cosmochemical model of Ganapathy and Anders (1974) which assumes that planets and chondrites underwent the same 4 fractionation processes in the solar nebula. Because elements of similar volatility stay together in these processes, only 4 index elements (U, Fe, K and Tl or...
Modeling and optimizing a gas-water reservoir: Enhanced recovery with waterflooding
M.E. Johnson, E.A. Monash, M.S. Waterman
1979, Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (11) 63-74
Accepted practice dictates that waterflooding of gas reservoirs should commence, if ever, only when the reservoir pressure has declined to the minimum production pressure. Analytical proof of this hypothesis has yet to appear in the literature however. This paper considers a model for a gas-water reservoir with a variable production...
Four-dimensional modeling of recent vertical movements in the area of the southern California uplift
Petr Vanicek, Michael R. Elliot, Robert O. Castle
1979, Tectonophysics (52) 287-300
This paper describes an analytical technique that utilizes scattered geodetic relevelings and tide-gauge records to portray Recent vertical crustal movements that may have been characterized by spasmodic changes in velocity. The technique is based on the fitting of a time-varying algebraic surface of prescribed degree to the geodetic data treated...
Modern marine sediments as a natural analog to the chemically stressed environment of a landfill
M.J. Baedecker, W. Back
1979, Journal of Hydrology (43) 393-414
Chemical reactions that occur in landfills are analogous to those reactions that occur in marine sediments. Lateral zonation of C, N, S, O, H, Fe and Mn species in landfills is similar to the vertical zonation of these species in marine sediments and results from the following reaction sequence: (1)...
Venus: Preliminary topographic and surface imaging results from the Pioneer Orbiter
G.H. Pettengill, P.G. Ford, W.E. Brown, W.M. Kaula, H. Masursky, E. Eliason, G.E. McGill
1979, Science (205) 90-93
Three large Venus surface features, identified previously in images obtained from Earth-based radar observations, are shown by the Pioneer Venus radar mapper to be elevated 5 to 10 kilometers above the surrounding terrain. Two of these features, one bright and the other dark, lie adjacent to each...
Medication inhibits tolerance to seawater in coho salmon smolts
Gerald R. Bouck, David A. Johnson
1979, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (108) 63-66
Applications of 10 therapeutic and two anesthetic agents to healthy smolts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by conventional methods were followed by two different posttreatment circumstances. In condition I, fish were treated and then transferred directly to 28‰ seawater for 10 days; in condition II, fish were treated and held...
Earthquake predictions using seismic velocity ratios
R. W. Sherburne
1979, Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS) (11) 18-21
Since the beginning of modern seismology, seismologists have contemplated predicting earthquakes. The usefulness of earthquake predictions to the reduction of human and economic losses and the value of long-range earthquake prediction to planning is obvious. Not as clear are the long-range economic and social impacts of earthquake prediction to a...
The Parkfield prediction experiment
A. Lindh, P. Evans, P. Harsh, G. Buhr
1979, Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS) (11) 209-213
The San Andreas fault is part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American crustal plates. In California, movements of about 3 centimeters per year are currently taking place along the fault, although plat tectonic models suggest a faster rate of 5 cm/yr may be the average over a...
