Figures

Figure 1. Location of the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, and locations of major geographic features.

Figure 2. Mean annual precipitation in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, 1971–2000, and mean monthly precipitation at selected sites, 1961–90.

Figure 3. Generalized geology of the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California.


Figure 4. Upper Klamath Basin regional groundwater flow model grid and boundary conditions.


Figure 5. Model sections by hydrologeologic unit along selected rows and columns.

Figure 6. Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, regional groundwater flow model hydraulic-conductivity zonation.

Figure 7. Estimated mean annual groundwater recharge from precipitation in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, 1970–2004, in inches, and recharge parameter zones.


Figure 8. Estimated quarterly total groundwater recharge from all sources, upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, 1970 to 2004.


Figure 9. Distribution of pumping wells used in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, regional groundwater flow model, by model layer.


Figure 10. Total estimated quarterly groundwater pumping in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, 1970–2004, by model layer.

Figure 11. Final values (circles), expected ranges (triangles), and composite scaled sensitivities (bars) of parameters in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, regional groundwater flow model.


Figure 12. Weighted residuals plotted as a function of weighted simulated values.

Figure 13. Distribution of average weighted head residuals (dimensionless), upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California.


Figure 14. Locations of selected wells with water level time series in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California.


Figure 15. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 30S/7E-6AAA1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 588) in the upper Williamson River subbasin, Oregon.

Figure 16. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 36S/12E-28ADA1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 2096) in the Sprague River subbasin, Oregon.

Figure 17. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 34S/8E-28DDC1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 1055) in the Sprague River subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 18. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 35S/7E-34CBC1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 1362) in the Wood River subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 19. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 35S/6E-23DCA1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 1125) in the Wood River subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 20. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 34S/7.5E-24DAB1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 1007) in the Wood River subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 21. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 37S/10E-29DBB2 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 2288) in the Swan Lake Valley area, Oregon.


Figure 22. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 37S/10E-20ABC1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 2277) in the Swan Lake Valley area, Oregon.


Figure 23. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 41S/14E-8CCA1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 15130) in the upper Lost River subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 24. Observed and simulated water‑level elevations in well 38S/11.5E-34BBD1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 11139) in the upper Lost River subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 25. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 39S/11E-10DCB1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 51922) in the upper Lost River subbasin, Oregon.

Figure 26. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 40S/11E-3CDA1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 50632) in the upper Lost River subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 27. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 38S/9E-17CBC1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 11656) in the Klamath Valley area, Oregon.


Figure 28. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 40S/10E-29BCB1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 10518) in the Klamath Valley area, Oregon.


Figure 29. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 46N/05E-3P1 (CDWR Well No. 46N05E03P001M) in the southern Tule Lake subbasin, California.


Figure 30. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 48N/5E-16P1 (CDWR Well No. 48N05E16P001M) in the Tule Lake subbasin, California.

Figure 31. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 48N/04E-30F2 (CDWR Well No. 48N04E30F002M) in the Tule Lake subbasin, California.


Figure 32. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 40S/11E-29ACB1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 14764) in the northern Tule Lake subbasin, Oregon.

Figure 33. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 40S/12E-30DCB1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 14829) in the Tule Lake subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 34. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 41S/8E-16BDC1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 50228) in the Lower Klamath Lake subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 35. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 39S/8E-28DAD1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 53320) in the Lower Klamath Lake subbasin, Oregon.

Figure 36. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 41S/9E-12AAB1 (OWRD Log ID KLAM 14914) in the Lower Klamath Lake subbasin, Oregon.


Figure 37. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 46N/1W-4N2 (CDWR Well No. 46N01W04N002M) in the Butte Valley area, California.


Figure 38. Observed and simulated water-level elevations in well 46N/1E-6N1 (CDWR Well No. 46N01E06N001M) in the Butte Valley area, California.


Figure 39. Observed and simulated long-term average groundwater discharge to selected stream reaches in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California.

Figure 40. Observed and simulated groundwater discharge to the upper Sprague River, Oregon.

Figure 41. Observed and simulated groundwater discharge to the upper Williamson River, Oregon.


Figure 42. Observed and simulated groundwater discharge to the lower Williamson River, Oregon.

Figure 43. Observed and simulated groundwater discharge to the headwaters of the Wood River, Oregon. 


Figure 44. Observed and simulated groundwater discharge to upper Sevenmile Creek, Oregon.


Figure 45. Observed and simulated groundwater discharge to upper Cherry Creek, Oregon.

Figure 46. Observed and simulated groundwater discharge to Spencer Creek, Oregon.


Figure 47. Observed and simulated groundwater discharge to the Klamath River between the gaging stations at Keno and below John C. Boyle Dam, Oregon.

Figure 48. Drawdown and reductions in groundwater discharge to streams after 50 years of pumping a well in model layer 2 in the upper Lost River subbasin, Oregon, at 10 cubic feet per second for 92 days per year (July–September) each year.


Figure 49. Simulated impacts to hydrologic boundaries due to pumping a well in model layer 2 in the upper Lost River subbasin, Oregon, at 10 cubic feet per second for 92 days per year (July-September) each year.

Figure 50. Simulated impacts to hydrologic boundaries due to pumping a well in model layer 2 in the upper Lost River subbasin at 10 cubic feet per second for 92 days per year (July–September) under a repeating schedule of 3 years with pumping followed by 3 years without pumping.


Figure 51. Drawdown and reductions in groundwater discharge to streams after 50 years of pumping a well in model layer 3 approximately 5 miles south of Beatty, Oregon, at 10 cubic feet per second for 92 days per year (July–September) each year.


Figure 52. Simulated impacts to hydrologic boundaries due to pumping a well in model layer 3 approximately 5 miles south of Beatty, Oregon, at 10 cubic feet per second for 92 days per year (July–September) each year.

Figure 53. Drawdown and reductions in groundwater discharge to streams after 50 years of pumping a well in model layer 3 near the middle of the Tule Lake subbasin, Oregon and California, at 10 cubic feet per second for 92 days per year (July–September) each year.


Figure 54. Simulated impacts to hydrologic boundaries due to pumping a well in model layer 3 near the center of the Tule Lake subbasin, Oregon and California, at 10 cubic feet per second for 92 days per year (July–September) each year.


Figure 55. Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, with locations of optimized wells and drawdown and discharge constraints.


Figure 56. Example of baseline and optimized hydraulic heads showing values used in the definition of drawdown constraints.


Figure 57. Summary of base-case optimization results for well groups.

Figure 58. Optimal pumping rates for the base-case optimization model solution.

Figure 59. Reduced costs for the base-case optimization analysis.

Figure 60. Shadow prices for the base-case optimization analysis.

Figure 61. Sensitivity of optimization results to changes in the groundwater-discharge depletion constraint limit for drains.


Figure 62. Sensitivity of optimization results to changes in the seasonal drawdown limit.


Figure 63. Sensitivity of optimization results to changes in the year-to-year drawdown constraint limit.


Figure 64. Sensitivity of optimization results to changes in the seasonal water demand limit.


Figure 65. Sensitivity of optimization results to changes in the groundwater-discharge depletion limit for the Lost River, Oregon and California.


First posted May 5, 2012