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Figure 5. Oblique view of a horizontal slice through a three-dimensional model developed using continuous resistivity profiling data from the Indian River Bay collected in April 2010.

Figure 6. Perspective view from above of continuous resistivity processed data from the shore-parallel surveys collected off Holts Landing.

Figure 7. Cross-section view of a vertical slice through a three-dimensional model of the continuous resistivity profile data. The perspective is facing offshore (north). A high-resistivity (fresh groundwater represented by red colors) anomaly to the left (west) lies beneath a filled paleochannel shown in figure 8.

Figure 8. Chirp seismic-reflection profile collected near the Holts Landing shoreline along the same traverse and with the same perspective as figure 7. The seismic profile shows a complex paleochannel 2 to 4 meters deep on the left side of the image (west), which corresponds with the position of the high-resistivity anomaly shown in figure 7.

Summary

Results of the continuous resistivity profiling and concurrent chirp seismic surveys and data inversion show the presence of many buried paleochannels beneath Indian River Bay that generally extend perpendicular from the shoreline in areas adjacent to modern tributaries, tidal creeks, and marshes (fig. 5).  An especially wide and deep paleochannel system was imaged in the southeastern part of the bay near White Creek.  Many (but not all) paleochannels also had high resistivity anomalies (low-salinity groundwater plumes) associated with them.  One such association near Holts Landing is shown in figures 6, 7, and 8.  Results of additional seismic and electrical resistivity surveys performed by the University of Toledo are described separately (Banaszak, 2011).  Subsequent intensive sampling, measurements using seepage meters, installation of offshore and onshore wells, and modeling were performed in 2010 through 2012 (Michael and others 2011a, 2011b; Fernandez and others, 2011; Russoniello and others, 2013).  Results were generally consistent with geophysical data reported here.