USGS Home
Contact USGS
Search USGS

Systematic Mapping of Bedrock and Habitats along the Florida Reef Tract—Central Key Largo to Halfmoon Shoal (Gulf of Mexico)

USGS Professional Paper 1751

by Barbara H. Lidz, Christopher D. Reich, and Eugene A. Shinn

Introduction: Table of Contents Project Overview Project Objective Geologic Setting Primary Datasets Primary Products - Overview Maps & Evolution Overview: Introduction Depth to Pleistocene Bedrock Surface Reef & Sediment Thickness Benthic Ecosystems & Environments Sedimentary Grains in 1989 Summary Illustration Index Map Evolution Overview Tile-by-Tile Analysis Organization of Report Tiles: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7/8, 9/10, 11 Summary Acknowledg- ments References Disclaimer Related Publications

References A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z A Abramovitz, J.N., and Dunn, S., 1998, Weather-related disasters: Worldwatch Institute Briefing, On-Line, November 27, 1998. Albritton, D.L., Allen, M.R., Baede, A.P.M. et al., 2001, Summary for Policymakers, in Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C.A., eds., Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, p. 1-20. Anderson, S., Zepp, R., Machula, J., Santavy, D., Hansen, L., and Mueller, E., 2001, Indicators of UV exposure in corals and their relevance to global climate change and coral bleaching: Human Ecological Risk Assessment, v. 7, p. 1271-1282. Aronson, R.B., Edmunds, P.J., Precht, W.F., Swanson, D.W., and Levitan, D.R., 1994, Large-scale, long-term monitoring of Caribbean coral reefs: Simple, quick, inexpensive techniques: Atoll Research Bulletin 421, p. 1-19. Aronson, R.B., and Precht, W.F., 1997, Stasis, biological disturbance, and community structure of a Holocene coral reef: Paleobiology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 326-346. Aronson, R.B., and Precht, W.F., 2001, White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs: Hydrobiologia, v. 460, p. 25-38. B Bales, J.D., Oblinger, C.J., and Sallenger, A.H., Jr., 2000, Two months of Flooding in Eastern North Carolina, September-October 1999: Hydrologic, Water Quality, and Geologic Effects of Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4093, 47 pp. Ball, M.M., 1967, Carbonate sand bodies of Florida and the Bahamas: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 37, p. 556-591. Ball, M.M., Shinn, E.A., and Stockman, K.W., 1967, The geologic effects of Hurricane Donna in South Florida: Journal of Geology, v. 75, no. 5, p. 583-597. Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Fairbanks, R.G., Zindler, A., Mathieu, G., and Arnold, M., 1990, U/Th and 14C ages of corals from Barbados and their use for calibrating the 14C time scale beyond 9000 years B.P.: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, v. B52, p. 461-468. Barnes, D.J., and Taylor, R.B., 2001, On the nature and causes of luminescent lines and bands in coral skeletons: Coral Reefs, v. 19, p. 221-230. Bartlette, C., 1997, The Labor Day hurricane of 1935, in Gallagher, D., Causey, B.D., Gato, J., and Viele, J., eds., The Florida Keys Environmental Story, A Panorama of the Environment, Culture and History of Monroe County, Florida: Seacamp Association, Inc., Big Pine Key, FL, p. 81-84. Beach, D.K., and Ginsburg, R.N., 1980, Facies succession of Pliocene-Pleistocene carbonates, northwestern Great Bahama Bank: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, no. 10, p. 1634-1642. Beaudoin, C.M., 1990, Effects of dredge and fill canals on fresh-water resources of a small oceanic island, Big Pine Key, Florida: Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of South Florida, Tampa, 97 pp. Bloom, A.L., Broecker, W.S., Chappell, J.M.A., Matthews, R.K., and Mesolella, K.J., 1974, Quaternary sea level fluctuations on a tectonic coast: New 230Th/234U dates from the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea: Quaternary Research, v. 4, p. 185-205. Bohnsack, J.A., Cantillo, A.Y., and Bello, M.J., eds., 2003, Resource Survey of Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary 1983 (CD-ROM published in three 348-page series): NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS CCMA 160; NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-478; NOAA LISD current References 2002-8. Booker, J., 1997, Mangrove communities, in Gallagher, D., Causey, B.D., Gato, J., and Viele, J., eds., The Florida Keys Environmental Story, A Panorama of the Environment, Culture and History of Monroe County, Florida: Seacamp Association, Inc., Big Pine Key, FL, p. 49-52. Brown, P.R., 1969, Compaction of fine-grained terrigenous and carbonate sediments—A review: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 17, p. 486-495. Buddemeier, R.W., and Smith, S.V., 1988, Coral reef growth in an era of rapidly rising sea level: Predictions and suggestions for long-term research: Coral Reefs, v. 7, p. 51-56. C Caldeira, K., and Wickett, M.E., 2003, Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH: Nature, v. 425, no. 6956, p. 365-365. Cantillo, A.Y., Hale, K., Collins, E., Pikula, L., and Caballero, R., 2000, Biscayne Bay: Environmental history and annotated bibliography: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS CCMA 145, Silver Spring, MD, 116 pp. Carballo, J.D., Land, L.S., and Miser, D.E., 1987, Holocene dolomitization of supratidal sediments by active tidal pumping: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 153-165. Causey, B., 2002, The role of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Initiative, in Porter, J.W., and Porter, K.G., eds., The Everglades, Florida Bay and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: An Ecosystem Sourcebook: CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 883-894. Chanda, S.K., 1978, Limestone compaction: An enigma: Comment: Geology, v. 6, no. 4, p. 198. Chappell, J., 1974, Geology of coral terraces, Huon Peninsula, New Guinea: A study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-level changes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 553-570. Chappell, J., and Shackleton, N.J., 1986, Oxygen isotopes and sea level: Nature, v. 324, p. 137-140. Choi, D.R., and Ginsburg, R.N., 1982, Siliciclastic foundations of Quaternary reefs in the southernmost Belize Lagoon, British Honduras: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, p. 116-126. Cocheret de la Morinière, E., Pollux, B.J.A., Nagelkerken, I., Hemminga, M.A., Huiskes, A.L., and van der Velde, G., 2003, Ontogenetic dietary changes of coral reef fishes in the mangrove-seagrass-reef continuum: Stable isotopes and gut-content analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 246, p. 279-289. Coniglio, M., 1981, Sedimentology of Pleistocene carbonates from Big Pine Key, Florida: Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 261 pp. Coniglio, M., and Harrison, R.S., 1983, Facies and diagenesis of late Pleistocene carbonates from Big Pine Key, Florida: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 31, p. 135-147. D D'Almeida, G.A., 1986, A model for Saharan dust transport: Journal of Climatology and Applied Meteorology, v. 24, p. 903-916. Darwin, C., 1845, An account of the fine dust which often falls on vessels in the Atlantic Ocean: Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 2, p. 26-30. Davies, T.D., 1980, Peat formation in Florida Bay and its significance in interpreting the Recent vegetational and geological history of the bay area: Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 316 pp. Davis, R.A., Hine, A.C., and Shinn, E.A., 1992, Holocene coastal development on the Florida Peninsula, in Fletcher, C., and Wehmiller, J., eds., Quaternary Coasts of the United States: Marine and Lacustrine Systems: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 48, p. 193-212. Day, J.W., Jr., Pont, D., Hensel, P.F., and Ibanez, C., 1995, Impacts of sea-level rise on deltas in the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean: The importance of pulsing events to sustainability: Estuaries, v. 18, p. 636-647. Dean, L., 1992, Lighthouses of the Florida Keys: Historic Florida Keys Foundation, Inc., Key West, FL, 197 pp. Divins, D.L., 2003, Coastal Relief Model: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coastal/coastal.html. Boulder, CO: National Geophysical Data Center. Dodd, J.R., and Siemers, C.T., 1971, Effect of late Pleistocene karst topography on Holocene sedimentation and biota, lower Florida Keys: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 211-218. Douglas, M.S., 1947, The Everglades: River of Grass (revised ed., 1988): Pineapple Press, Sarasota, FL, 448 pp. Downs, C.A., Fauth, J.E., Halas, J.C., Dustan, P., Bemiss, J., and Woodley, C.M., 2002, Oxidative stress and seasonal coral bleaching: Free Radical Biological Medicine, v. 33, p. 533-534. Dunham, R.J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture, in Ham, W.E., ed., Classification of Carbonate Rocks: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 1, p. 108-121. Dunnington, H.V., 1954, Stylolite development post-dates rock induration: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 24, p. 27-49. Dustan, P., 1985, Community structure of reef-building corals in the Florida Keys: Carysfort Reef, Key Largo and Long Key Reef, Dry Tortugas: Atoll Research Bulletin, v. 288, p. 1-27. Dustan, P., and Halas, J.C., 1987, Changes in the reef-coral community of Carysfort Reef, Key Largo, Florida: 1974 to 1982: Coral Reefs, v. 6, p. 91-106. Dustan, P., Lidz, B.H., and Shinn, E.A., 1991, Impact of exploratory wells, offshore Florida: A biological assessment: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 48, no. 1, p. 94-124. E Edmunds, F.J., 1991, Extent and effect of black band disease on a Caribbean reef: Coral Reefs, v. 10, p. 161-165. Emiliani, C., 1966, Paleotemperature analysis of Caribbean cores P6304-8 and P6304-9 and a generalized temperature curve for the past 425,000 years: Journal of Geology, v. 74, no. 2, p. 109-124. Emiliani, C., Gartner, S., Lidz, B., Eldridge, K., Elvey, D.K., Huang, T.C., Stipp, J.J., and Swanson, M.F., 1975, Paleoclimatological analysis of Late Quaternary cores from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Science, v. 189, p. 1083-1088. Enos, P., 1977, Holocene sediment accumulations of the South Florida shelf margin, pt. I, in Enos, P., and Perkins, R.D., eds., Quaternary Sedimentation in South Florida: Geological Society of America Memoir 147, p. 1-130. Enos, P., 1983, Shelf environment, in Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., and Moore, C.H., eds., Carbonate Depositional Environments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, p. 267-295. Enos, P., and Perkins, R.D., 1977, Quaternary Sedimentation in South Florida: Geological Society of America Memoir 147, 198 pp. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983, Florida Keys Seagrass and Coral Reef Inventory, v. 2, Sombrero Key to Marquesas Rock, February 1982: Report prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Minerals Management Service under Contract No. 68-03-3049: EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV, 104 pp. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Water Quality Protection Program for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Phase II: prepared by Continental Shelf Associates Inc. and Battelle Ocean Sciences, Contract No. 68-C8-0105 [unpaginated]. F Fairbanks, R.G., 1989, A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep ocean circulation: Nature, v. 342, p. 637-642. Fanning, K.A., 1989, Influence of atmospheric pollution on nutrient limitation in the ocean: Nature, v. 339, p. 460-463. Fitt, W., Brown, B., Warner, M., and Dunne, R., 2001, Coral bleaching: Interpretation of thermal tolerance limits and thermal thresholds in tropical corals: Coral Reefs, v. 20, p. 51-65. FMRI, 2000 (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), Benthic Habitats of the Florida Keys: FMRI Technical Report TR-4, 53 pp. (32 maps on CD-ROM) http://www.floridamarine.org/features/view_article.asp?id=2139 G Gallagher, D., Causey, B.D., Gato, J., and Viele, J., eds., 1997, The Florida Keys Environmental Story, A Panorama of the Environment, Culture and History of Monroe County, Florida: Seacamp Association, Inc., Big Pine Key, FL, 371 pp. Garrison, V.H., Shinn, E.A., Foreman, W.T., Griffin, D.W., Holmes, C.W., Kellogg, C.A., Majewski, M.S., Richardson, L.L., Ritchie, K.B., and Smith, G.W., 2003, African and Asian dust: From desert soils to coral reefs: BioScience, v. 53, no. 5, p. 469-480. Gautret, P., Cuif, J.P., and Freiwald, A., 1997, Composition of soluble mineralizing matrices in zooxanthellate and non-zoozanthellate scleractinian corals: Biochemical assessment of photosynthetic metabolism through the study of a skeletal feature: Facies, v. 36, p. 189-194. Ginsburg, R.N., 1956, Environmental relationships of grain size and constituent particles in some South Florida carbonate sediments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 47, p. 1-130. Ginsburg, R.N., ed., 2001, Subsurface Geology of a Prograding Carbonate Platform Margin, Great Bahama Bank: Results of the Bahamas Drilling Project: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 70, 271 pp. Glynn, P.W., 1984, Widespread coral mortality and the 1982-1983 El Niño warming event, in Ogden, J., and Wicklund, R., eds., Mass Bleaching of Coral Reefs: A Research Strategy: National Undersea Research Program, Research Report, v. 88, p. 42-45. Griffin, D.W., Garrison, V.H., Herman, J.R., and Shinn, E.A., 2002, African desert dust in the Caribbean atmosphere: Microbiology and public health: Aerobiologia, v. 17, p. 203-213. Griffin, D.W., Kellogg, C.A., and Shinn, E.A., 2001, Dust in the wind: Long range transport of dust in the atmosphere and its implications for global public and ecosystem health: Global Change & Human Health, v. 2, no. 1, p. 20-33. H Halas, J.C., 1985, A unique mooring system for reef management in the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary: International Coral Reef Congress, 5th, Tahiti, Proceedings, v. 4, p. 237-242. Halley, R.B., 1993, Corals Record the Water Runoff History of South Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Information Sheet, 2 pp. Halley, R.B., and Evans, C.E., 1983, The Miami Limestone, A Guide to Selected Outcrops and Their Interpretation (with a Discussion of Diagenesis in the Formation): Miami Geological Society, Miami, FL, 65 pp. Halley, R.B., and Harris, P.M., 1979, Fresh-water cementation of a 1000-yr-old oolite: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, p. 969-988. Halley, R.B., Harris, P.M., and Hine, A.C., 1983, Bank margin environment, in Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., and Moore, C.H., eds., Carbonate Depositional Environments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 33, p. 463-506. Halley, R.B., and Schmoker, J.W., 1983, High-porosity Cenozoic carbonate rocks of South Florida: Progressive loss of porosity with depth: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 67, p. 191-200. Halley, R.B., Vacher, H.L., and Shinn, E.A., 1997, Geology and hydrogeology of the Florida Keys, in Vacher, H.L., and Quinn, T., eds., Geology and Hydrogeology of Carbonate Islands: Developments in Sedimentology, v. 54, p. 217-247. Hallock, P., 1988, The role of nutrient availability in bioerosion: Consequences to carbonate buildups: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 51, p. 467-474. Hallock, P., 2005, Global change and modern coral reefs: New opportunities to understand shallow-water carbonate depositional processes: Sedimentary Geology, v. 175, p. 19-33. Hallock, P., Hine, A.C., Vargo, G.A., Elrod, J.A., and Jaap, W.C., 1988, Platforms of the Nicaraguan Rise: Examples of the sensitivity of carbonate sedimentation to excess trophic resources: Geology, v. 16, p. 1104-1107. Hallock, P., and Schlager, W., 1986, Nutrient excess and the demise of coral reefs and carbonate platforms: PALAIOS, v. 1, p. 389-398. Hanson, C.F., 1980, Water Resources of Big Pine Key, Monroe County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 809-447, 36 pp. Hanson, K., and Maul, G.A., 1993, Analysis of temperature, precipitation, and sea-level variability with concentration on Key West, Florida, for evidence of trace-gas-induced climate change, Chapter 9 in Maul, G.A., ed., Climate Change in the Intra-Americas Sea—Implications of Future Climate on the Ecosystems and Socio-Economic Structure in the Marine and Coastal Regions of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, and the Northeast Coast of South America: Edward Arnold, Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., Kent, UK, p. 193-205. Harrison, R.S., 1977, Subaerial versus submarine discontinuity surfaces in a Pleistocene reef complex, Barbados, W.I.: International Coral Reef Symposium, 3rd, Miami, FL, Proceedings, p. 143-147. Harrison, R.S., and Coniglio, M., 1985, Origin of the Pleistocene Key Largo Limestone, Florida Keys: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 33, p. 350-358. Harrison, R.S., Coniglio, M., and Cooper, L.D., 1982, Stratigraphy and sedimentology of late Pleistocene deposits of Key Largo and Big Pine Key, Florida (abstract): International Congress on Sedimentology, v. 11, p. 75. Hayes, M., Bunce, L., Howd, K.B., Paerl, H., Barber, R., and Shinn, E., 1997, A test of the hypothesis that dust stimulation of cyanobacteria and epizootic pathogens is causing widespread decline of coral reefs (abstract): Oceanography Society, 5th Scientific Meeting, Seattle, WA, p. 45. Hine, A.C., 1977, Lily Bank, Bahamas: History of an active oolite sand shoal: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 47, p. 1554-1581. Hine, A.C., and Mullins, H.T., 1983, Modern carbonate shelf-slope breaks, in Stanley, D.J., and Moore, G.T., eds., The Shelf Break: Critical Interface on Continental Margins: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 33, p. 169-188. Hine, A.C., and Neumann, A.C., 1977, Shallow carbonate bank margin growth and structure, Little Bahama Bank, Bahamas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 61, no. 376-406. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 1999, Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs: Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 50, p. 839-866. Hoffmeister, J.E., 1974, Land from the Sea, the Geologic Story of South Florida: The University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, FL, 143 pp. Hoffmeister, J.E., and Multer, H.G., 1964, Pleistocene limestone of the Florida Keys, in Ginsburg, R.N., compiler, South Florida Carbonate Sediments: Geological Society of America Field Trip No. 1, p. 57-61. Hoffmeister, J.E., and Multer, H.G., 1968, Geology and origin of the Florida Keys: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, p. 1487-1502. Hoffmeister, J.E., Stockman, K.W., and Multer, H.G., 1967, Miami Limestone of Florida and its Recent Bahamian counterpart: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 78, p. 175-190. Hudson, J.H., 1979, Absolute growth rates and environmental implications of Pleistocene Montastrea annularis in southeast Florida: Geological Society of America, Program with Abstracts, v. 11, no. 3, p. 85. Hudson, J.H., 1981, Response of Montastrea annularis to environmental change in the Florida Keys: International Coral Reef Symposium, 4th, Manila, Philippines, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 233-240. Hudson, J.H., 1985, Growth rate and carbonate production in Halimeda opuntia, Marquesas Keys, Florida, in Toomey, D.F., and Nitecki, M.H., eds., Paleoalgology: Contemporary Research and Applications: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, p. 257-263. Hudson, J.H., and Diaz, R., 1988, Damage survey and restoration of M/V Wellwood grounding site, Molasses Reef, Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary, Florida: International Coral Reef Symposium, 6, Australia, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 231-236. Hudson, J.H., Shinn, E.A., Halley, R.B., and Lidz, B.H., 1976, Sclerochronology—A tool for interpreting past environments: Geology, v. 4, p. 361-364. I Illing, L.V., 1954, Bahamian calcareous sand: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 38, p. 1-95. Imbrie, J., Hays, J.D., Martinson, D.G., McIntyre, A., Mix, A.C., Morley, J.J., Pisias, N.G., Prell, W.L., and Shackleton, N.J., 1984, The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: Support from a revised chronology of the marine δ18O record, in Berger, A.L., Imbrie, J., Hays, J., Kukla, G., and Saltzman, B., (eds.), Milankovitch and Climate: Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing: Proceedings, NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Palisades, NY, NATO Science Series C, v. 126, p. 269-305. Incze, M.L., 1998, Petrophysical properties of shallow-water carbonates in modern depositional and shallow sub-surface: Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 405 pp. J Jaap, W.C., 1984, The ecology of the South Florida coral reefs: A community profile: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Report FWS/OBS-82/08 and Minerals Management Service Report MMS 84-0038, 138 pp. Jaap, W.C., 1997, Coral reefs, in Gallagher, D., Causey, B.D., Gato, J., and Viele, J., eds., The Florida Keys Environmental Story, A Panorama of the Environment, Culture and History of Monroe County, Florida: Seacamp Association, Inc., Big Pine Key, FL, p. 58-62. Jaap, W.C., Dustan, P., Porter, J., and Meier, O., 1998, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Water Quality Protection Plan: EPA Water Quality Protection Program, Coral Reef/Hardbottom Monitoring Project, 1997 Annual Report, 39 pp. with numerous unnumbered pages of figures. James, N.P., 1972, Holocene and Pleistocene calcareous crust (caliche) profiles: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 42, p. 817-836. Jameson, S.C., Tupper, M.H., and Ridley, J.M., 2002, The three screen doors: Can marine "protected" areas be effective? Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 44, p. 1177-1183. Jones, J.A., 1977, Morphology and development of southeastern Florida patch reefs: International Coral Reef Symposium, 3rd, Miami, FL, Proceedings, v. 2, Geology, p. 231-235. K Keller, B.D., Delaney, J.M., and Causey, B.D., 2003, Designing, implementing, and monitoring fully protected zones: An example from the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Proceedings, 2003 Georgia Basin/Puget Sound Research Conference, p. 1-5. Kindinger, J.L., Davis, J.B., and Flocks, J.G., 1999, Geologic controls on the formation of lakes in north-central Florida, in Pitman, J.K., and Carroll, A.R., eds., Modern and Ancient Lake Systems: Utah Geological Association Guidebook 26, Salt Lake City, UT, p. 9-30. Kindinger, J.L., Davis, J.B., and Flocks, J.G., 2000, Geologic Controls on the Formation of Florida Sinkhole Lakes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-294, 4 pp. Klein, H., 1970, Preliminary Evaluation of Availability of Potable Water on Elliot Key, Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-188, 15 pp. Kleypas, J.A., Buddemeier, R.W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J.-P., Langdon, C., and Opdyke, B.N., 1999, Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs: Science, v. 284, p. 118-120. Koltes, K., ed., 2004, Protecting the Nation's coral reefs: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs, 20 pp. Knutson, D.W., Buddemeier, R.W., and Smith, S.V., 1972, Coral chronometers: Seasonal growth bands in reef corals: Science, v. 177, p. 270-272. L Land, L.S., 1967, Diagenesis of skeletal carbonates: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 37, p. 914-930. Lang, J.C., ed., 2003, Status of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic: Results of Initial Surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program: Atoll Research Bulletin no. 496, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 630 pp. Langdon, C., Takahashi, T., Sweeney, C., Chipman, D., Goddard, J., Marubini, F., Aceves, H., Barnett, H., and Atkinson, M.J., 2000, Effect of calcium carbonate saturation state on the calcification rate of an experimental coral reef: Global Geochemical Cycles, v. 14, p. 639-654. LaPointe, B.E., O'Connell, J.E., and Garrett, G.S., 1990, Nutrient couplings between on-site sewage disposal systems, groundwaters, and nearshore surface waters of the Florida Keys: Biogeochemistry, v. 10, p. 289-307. Lee, T.N., Williams, E., Johns, E., Wilson, W., Smith, N.P., 2002, Transport processes linking south Florida coastal ecosystems, in Porter, J.W., and Porter, K.G., eds., The Everglades, Florida Bay and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: An Ecosystem Sourcebook: CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 309-342. Leichter, J.J., Stewart, H.L., and Miller, S.L., 2003, Episodic nutrient transport to Florida coral reefs: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 48, no. 4, p. 1394-1407. Lenes, J.M., Darrow, B.P., Cattrall, C., Heil, C.A., Callahan, M., Vargo, G.A., Byrne, R.H., Prospero, J.M., Bates, D.E., Fanning, K.A., and Walsh, J.J., 2001, Iron fertilization and the Trichodesmium response on the West Florida shelf: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 46, no. 6, p. 11261-1277. Lessios, H.A., Robertson, D.R., and Cubit, J.E., 1984, Spread of Diadema mass mortalities through the Caribbean: Science, v. 226, p. 335-337. Ley, J.A., and McIvor, C.C., 2002, Linkages between estuarine and reef assemblages: Enhancement by the presence of well-developed mangrove shorelines, in Porter, J.W., and Porter, K.G., eds., The Everglades, Florida Bay and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: An Ecosystem Sourcebook: CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 539-562. Lidz, B.H., 2004, Coral reef complexes at an atypical windward platform margin: Late Quaternary, southeast Florida: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 7, p. 974-988. Lidz, B.H., in press, Coral reefs of the Florida Keys: Late Quaternary stratigraphy, in Holmes, C.W., compiler, and Buster, N.A., ed., The Gulf of Mexico: Its Origins, Water, Biota, and Human Impacts, Volume 1. Geology: Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX (invited paper). Lidz, B.H., 2006, Pleistocene corals of the Florida Keys: Architects of imposing reefs—Why? Journal of Coastal Research, v. 22, no. 4, p. 750-759. Lidz, B.H., and Hallock, P., 2002, Sedimentary Petrology of a Declining Reef Ecosystem, Florida Reef Tract (U.S.A), Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 675-697. Lidz, B.H., Hine, A.C., Shinn, E.A., and Kindinger, J.L., 1991, Multiple outer-reef tracts along the South Florida bank margin: Outlier reefs, a new windward-margin model: Geology, v. 19, p. 115-118. Lidz, B.H., Kehm, A., and Miller, H., 1968, Depth habitats of pelagic foraminifera during the Pleistocene: Nature, v. 217, no. 5125, p. 245-247. Lidz, B.H., and McNeill, D.F., 1998, New allocyclic dimensions in a prograding carbonate bank: Evidence for eustatic, tectonic, and paleoceanographic control (Late Neogene, Bahamas): Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 68, no. 2, p. 269-282. Lidz, B.H., Reich, C.D., Peterson, R.L., and Shinn, E.A., 2006, New maps, new information: Coral reefs of the Florida Keys: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 22, no. 2, p. 260-282. Lidz, B.H., Reich, C.D., and Shinn, E.A., 2003, Regional Quaternary submarine geomorphology in the Florida Keys: Supplement to: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 7, p. 845-866, plus oversize color plate of Pleistocene topographic and Holocene isopach maps. Lidz, B.H., Reich, C.D., and Shinn, E.A., 2003, Regional Quaternary submarine geomorphology in the Florida Keys: Supplement to: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 7, p. 845-866, plus oversize color plate of Pleistocene topographic and Holcene isopach maps. Lidz, B.H., Robbin, D.M., and Shinn, E.A., 2002, Holocene sediment thickness and facies distribution, Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary, Florida, chapter 4 in Bohnsack, J.A., Cantillo, A.Y., and Bello, M.J., eds., Resource Survey of Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary 1983: NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS CCMA 160; NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-478; NOAA LISD Current References 2002-8. NOAA/NOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, 340 pp. Lidz, B.H., Robbin, D.M., and Shinn, E.A., 1985, Holocene carbonate sedimentary petrology and facies accumulation, Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary, Florida: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 36, no. 3, p. 672-700. Lidz, B.H., and Shinn, E.A., 1991, Paleoshorelines, reefs, and a rising sea: South Florida, U.S.A: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 7, no. 1, p. 203-229. Lidz, B.H., Shinn, E.A., Hansen, M.E., Halley, R.B., Harris, M.W., Locker, S.D., and Hine, A.C., 1997a, USGS Investigative Series Map #I-2505, Maps Showing Sedimentary and Biological Environments, Depth to Pleistocene Bedrock, and Holocene Sediment and Reef Thickness from Molasses Reef to Elbow Reef, Key Largo, South Florida (three descriptive and interpretive sheets with aerial photomosaic). Lidz, B.H., Shinn, E.A., Hine, A.C., and Locker, S.D., 1997b, Contrasts within an outlier-reef system: Evidence for differential Quaternary evolution, South Florida windward margin, U.S.A.: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 13, no. 3, p. 711-731. Lidz, B.H., Shinn, E.A., Hudson, J.H., Multer, H.G., Halley, R.B., and Robbin, D.M., in press, Controls on late Quaternary coral reefs of the Florida Keys, in Riegl, B., and Dodge, R., eds., Coral Reefs of the U.S.A.: Springer-Verlag. Lighty, R.G., 1977, Relict shelf-edge Holocene coral reef, southeast coast of Florida: International Coral Reef Symposium, 3rd, Miami, FL Proceedings, v. 2, Geology, p. 215-221. Lighty, R.G., Macintyre, I.G., and Stuckenrath, R., 1978, Submerged early Holocene barrier reef, southeast Florida shelf: Nature, v. 276, p. 59-60. Lighty, R.G., Macintyre, I.G., and Stuckenrath, R., 1982, Acropora palmata reef framework: A reliable indicator of sea level in the western Atlantic for the past 10,000 years: Coral Reefs, v. 1, p. 125-130. Lloyd, R.M., Perkins, R.D., and Kerr, S.D., 1987, Beach and shoreface ooid deposition on shallow interior banks, Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, no. 6, p. 976-982. Locker, S.D., and Hine, A.C., 1995, Late Quaternary Sequence Stratigraphy, South Florida Margin: Annual Ocean Technology Conference, 27th, Proceedings, p. 319-327. Locker, S.D., Hine, A.C., Tedesco, L.P., and Shinn, E.A., 1996, Magnitude and timing of episodic sea-level rise during the last deglaciation: Geology, v. 24, no. 9, p. 827-830. Loreau, J.-P., and Purser, B.H., 1973, Distribution and ultrastructure of Holocene ooids in the Persian Gulf, in Purser, B.H., ed., The Persian Gulf, Holocene Carbonate Sedimentation and Diagenesis in a Shallow Epicontinental Sea: Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 279-328. Ludwig, K.R., Muhs, D.R., Simmons, K.R., Halley, R.B., and Shinn, E.A., 1996, Sea-level records at ~80 ka from tectonically stable platforms: Florida and Bermuda: Geology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 211-214. Lundberg, J., and Ford, D.C., 1994, Late Pleistocene sea-level change in the Bahamas from mass spectrometric U-series dating of submerged speleothem: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 13, p. 1-14. M Ma, T.Y.H., 1934, On the growth rate of reef corals and the sea water temperature in the Japanese islands during the latest geological times: Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan, Second Series (Geology), v. 16, p. 165-189. Macintyre, I.G., and Smith, S.V., 1974, X-radiographic studies of skeletal development in coral colonies: International Coral Reef Symposium, 2nd, Brisbane, Australia, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 277-287. Mackenzie, D.J., 1990, Water-Resources Potential of the Freshwater Lens at Key West, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4115, 24 pp. Mallinson, D., Hine, A., Hallock, P., Locker, S., Shinn, E., Naar, D., Donahue, B., and Weaver, D., 2003, Development of small carbonate banks on the South Florida platform margin: Response to sea level and climate change: Marine Geology, v. 199, p. 45-63. Marszalek, D.S., 1977, Florida Reef Tract Marine Habitats and Ecosystems (nine map sheets published in cooperation with State of Florida Department of Natural Resources; U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management, New Orleans Outer Continental Shelf Office; and University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science). Marszalek, D.S., Babashoff, Jr., G., Noel, M.R., and Worley, D.R., 1977, Reef distribution in South Florida: International Coral Reef Symposium, 3rd, Miami, FL, Proceedings, v. 2, Geology, p. 223-229. Martin, E.L., and Ginsburg, R.N., 1965, Radiocarbon ages of oolitic sands on Great Bahama Bank: Proceedings, 6th International Conference of Radiocarbon and Tritium Dating: Technical Publication CONF-650652 USACE, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, p. 705-719. Marubini, F., Ferrier-Pages, C., and Cuif, J.P., 2003, Suppression of skeletal growth in scleractinian corals by decreasing ambient carbonate-ion concentration: A cross-family comparison: Proceedings, Royal Society of London, B Biology, v. 270, p. 179-184. Mathewson, III, R.D., 1997, Historical shipwreck archaeology, in Gallagher, D., Causey, B.D., Gato, J., and Viele, J., eds., The Florida Keys Environmental Story, A Panorama of the Environment, Culture and History of Monroe County, Florida: Seacamp Association, Inc., Big Pine Key, FL, p. 172. Matson, G.C., and Sanford, S., 1913, Geology and Ground Waters of Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 319, 445 pp. Maxwell, W.G.H., 1968, Atlas of the Great Barrier Reef: Elsevier, New York, 258 pp. Mayer, A.G., 1914, The effects of temperature on tropical marine animals: Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication No. 183, v. 6, p. 1-24. McKee, E.D., and Ward, W.C., 1983, Eolian environment, in Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., and Moore, C.H., eds., Carbonate Depositional Environments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 33, p. 131-170. McNeill, D.F., Anselmetti, F.S., Cunningham, K.J., Ginsburg, R.N., Guertin, L.A., Eberli, G.P., Melim, L.A., Swart, P., and Warzeski, E.R., 1996, Data Report: Tertiary-Quaternary Cores from the Florida Keys and Everglades: Miami Geological Society, Miami, FL, 98 pp. McPherson, B.F., and Halley, R.B., 1996, The South Florida Environment—A Region Under Stress: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1134, National Water-Quality Assessment Program, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 61 pp. Merriam, D.F., 1988, Some recent developments in the study of Florida Bay geology: The Compass, v. 65, no. 3, p. 157-174. Milliman, J.D., and Emery, K.O., 1968, Sea levels during the past 35,000 years: Science, v. 162, p. 1121-1123. Mitterer, R.M., 1974, Pleistocene stratigraphy in southern Florida based on amino acid diagenesis in fossil Mercenaria: Geology, v. 2, p. 425-428. Mitterer, R.M., 1975, Ages and diagenetic temperatures of Pleistocene deposits of Florida based on isoleucine epimerization in Mercenaria: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 28, p. 275-282. Muhs, D.R., 2002, Evidence for the timing and duration of the last interglacial period from high-precision uranium-series ages of corals on tectonically stable coastlines: Quaternary Research, v. 58, p. 36-40. Muhs, D.R., Bush, C.A., and Stewart, K.C., 1990, Geochemical evidence of Saharan dust parent material for soils developed on Quaternary limestones of Caribbean and Western Atlantic islands: Quaternary Research, v. 33, p. 157-177. Muhs, D.R., Szabo, B.J., McCartan, L., Maat, P.B., Bush, C.A., and Halley, R.B., 1992, Uranium-series age estimates of corals from Quaternary marine sediments of southern Florida, in Scott, T.M., and Allmon, W.D., eds., Plio-Pleistocene Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Southern Florida: Florida Geological Survey, Special Publication no. 36, Tallahassee, p. 41-49. Muhs, D.R., Wehmiller, J.F., Simmons, K.R., and York, L.L., 2004, Quaternary sea-level history of the United States: Developments in Quaternary Science, v. 1, doi: 10.1016/S1571-0866(03)01008-X. Multer, H.G., 1993, Seakeys Habitat Guide to the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Past, Present, Future: Florida Department of Natural Resources, Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (double-sided descriptive and interpretive map, one sheet). Multer, H.G., Gischler, E., Lundberg, J., Simmons, K.R., and Shinn, E.A., 2002, Key Largo Limestone revisited: Pleistocene shelf-edge facies, Florida Keys, USA: Facies, v. 46, p. 229-272. Multer, H.G., and Hoffmeister, J.E., 1968, Subaerial laminated crusts of the Florida Keys: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, p. 183-192. N National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1984, United States—East Coast Florida, Fowey Rocks to Alligator Reef: National Ocean Service, National Coast and Geodetic Survey, Nautical Chart 11462, Scale 1:80,000. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, United States—Gulf Coast Florida, Florida Keys, Sombrero Key to Sand Key: National Ocean Service, National Coast and Geodetic Survey, Nautical Chart 11442, Scale 1:80,000. Neumann, A.C., 1971, Quaternary sea-level data from Bermuda: Quaternaria, v. 14, p. 41-43. Neumann, A.C., and Macintyre, I.G., 1985, Response to sea level rise: Keep-up, catch-up, or give-up: International Coral Reef Congress, 5th, Tahiti, Proceedings, v. 3, p. 105-110. O Ogden, J., and Wicklund, R., eds., 1988, Mass Bleaching of Coral Reefs in the Caribbean: A Research Strategy: National Undersea Research Program, Research Report, v. 88, p. 1-9. P Parker, G.G., and Cooke, C.W., 1944, Late Cenozoic resources of southeastern Florida, with a discussion of the ground water: Florida Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 27, p. 1-119. Parker, G.G., Hoy, N.D., and Schroeder, M.C., 1955, Geology, in Parker, G.G., Ferguson, G.E., Love, S.K., et al., eds., Water Resources of Southeastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1255, p. 57-125. Parks, P., 1968, The Railroad that Died at Sea, Florida East Coast Railway Flagler System, the Florida East Coast's Key West Extension: Langley Press, Inc., Key West, FL, 48 pp. Peery, G.M., Lidz, B.H., and Wiese, D.S., 2002, Archive of seismic reflection data collected during USGS cruise 97KEY01, upper and middle Florida Keys, 12 October-1 November 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-421 (DVD and CD-ROM). Perkins, R.D., 1977, Depositional framework of Pleistocene rocks in South Florida, pt. II, in Enos, P., and Perkins, R.D., eds., Quaternary Sedimentation in South Florida: Geological Society of America Memoir 147, p. 131-198. Perry, D.D., Cahill, T.A., Eldred, R.A., and Dutcher, D.D., 1997, Long-range transport of North African dust to the eastern United States: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. D10, p. 11,225-11,238. Porter, J.W., Battey, J.F., and Smith, J.G., 1982, Perturbation and change in coral reef communities: National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings, v. 79, p. 1678-1681. Porter, J.W., and Porter, K.G., eds., 2002, The Everglades, Florida Bay and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: An Ecosystem Sourcebook: CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1024 pp. Prager, E.J., 1987, The Growth and Structure of Calcareous Nodules on Florida's Outer Shelf: Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Miami Press, 88 pp. Prager, E.J., and Ginsburg, R.N., 1989, Processes of carbonate nodule growth on Florida's outer shelf and its implications for fossil interpretations: PALAIOS, v. 4, p. 310-317. Pratson, L., Divins, D., Butler, T., Metzger, D., Steele, M., Sharman, G., Berggren, T., Holcombe, T., and Ramos, R., 1999, Development of an elevation database for the U.S. Coastal Zone: Surveying and Land Information Systems, v. 59, p. 3-13. Precht, W.F., and Aronson, R.B., 1997, Compositional changes in reef sediments related to changes in coral reef community structure (abstract): American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 9, p. 1561. Prospero, J.M., 1999, Long-term measurements of the transport of African mineral dust to the southeastern United States: Impact on regional air quality: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, no. D13, p. 15,917-15,927. Prospero, J.M., and Nees, R.T., 1986, Impact of the North African drought and El Niño on mineral dust in the Barbados trade winds: Nature, v. 320, no. 6064, p. 735-738. Purdy, E.G., 1961, Bahamian oolite shoals, in Geometry of Sandstone Bodies: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Special Volume, p. 53-62. R Randel, W.J., Wu, F., Russell, J.M., Waters, J.W., and Froidevaux, L., 1995, Ozone and temperature changes following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 16,753-16,764. Reich, C.D., 1996, Diver-operated manometer: A simple device for measuring hydraulic head in underwater wells: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 66, no. 5, p. 1032-1034. Reich, C.D., Shinn, E.A., Hickey, T.D., and Tihansky, A.B., 2002, Tidal and meteorological influences on shallow marine ground-water flow in the upper Florida Keys, in Porter, J.W., and Porter, K.G., eds., The Everglades, Florida Bay and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: An Ecosystem Sourcebook: CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 659-676. Ritchie, M., and Pedgley, D., 1989, Desert locusts cross the Atlantic: Atenna, v. 13, p. 10-12. Robbin, D.M., 1981, Subaerial CaCO3 crust: A tool for timing reef initiation and defining sea level changes: International Coral Reef Symposium, 4th, Manila, Philippines, Proceedings, v. 1, p. 575-579. Robbin, D.M., 1984, A new Holocene sea level curve for the upper Florida Keys and Florida reef tract, in Gleason, P.J., ed., Environments of South Florida: Present and Past: Miami Geological Society, Memoir 2, Miami, FL, p. 437-458. Robbin, D.M., and Stipp, J.J., 1979, Depositional rate of laminated soilstone crusts, Florida Keys: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, no. 1, p. 175-180. Roberts, H.H., Rouse, L.J., Jr., Walker, N.D., and Hudson, J.H., 1982, Cold-water stress in Florida Bay and northern Bahamas—A product of winter cold-air outbreaks: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 52, p. 145-155. Rogers, C.S., 1990, Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 62, p. 185-202. Romans, B., 1775 (1962), A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida, A Facsimile Reproduction of the 1775 Edition with Introduction by R.W. Patrick: University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 342 pp. with IXXXIX pages of Appendix. Rowan, R., 2004, Coral bleaching—Thermal adaptation in reef coral symbionts: Nature, v. 430, p. 742-742. S Sanford, S., 1909, The topography and geology of southern Florida: Florida Geological Survey Annual Report, v. 2, p. 175-231. Scholl, D.W., Craighead, F.C., Sr., and Stuiver, M., 1969, Florida submergence curve revised: Its relation to coastal sedimentation rates: Science, New Series, v. 163, no. 3867, p. 562-564. Scholle, P.A., 1978, A Color Illustrated Guide to Carbonate Rock Constituents, Textures, Cements and Porosities: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 27, 241 pp. Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., and Moore, C.H., eds., 1983, Carbonate Depositional Environments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 33, 708 pp. Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., and Moore, C.H., eds., 1983, Carbonate Depositional Environments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 33, p. 131-170. Schroeder, R.A., and Bada, J.L., 1976, A review of the geochemical applications of the amino acid racemization reaction: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 12, p. 347-391. Serafy, J.E., Faunce, C.H., and Lorenz, J.J., 2003, Mangrove shoreline fishes of Biscayne Bay, Florida: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 72, no. 1, p. 161-180. Shick, J.M., Lesser, M.P., and Jokiel, P.L., 1996, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on corals and other coral reef organisms: Global Change Biology, v. 2, p. 527-545. Shinn, E.A., 1963, Spur and groove formation on the Florida reef tract: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 33, p. 291-303. Shinn, E.A., 1966, Coral growth rate, an environmental indicator: Journal of Paleontology, v. 40, p. 233-240. Shinn, E.A., 1971, Aspects of diagenesis of algal cup reefs in Bermuda: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, Transactions, v. 21, p. 387-394. Shinn, E.A., 1976, Coral reef recovery in Florida and the Persian Gulf: Environmental Geology, v. 1, p. 241-254. Shinn, E.A., 1980a, Geologic history of Grecian Rocks, Key Largo Coral Reef Marine Sanctuary: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 30, p. 646-656. Shinn, E.A., 1980b, Geological reconnaissance dive using the Johnson Sea-Link submersible: Key Largo Coral Reef Marine Sanctuary Deep Water Resource Survey: Final Report to NOAA's Office of Coastal Zone Management, chapter "Geology." Shinn, E.A., 1988, The geology of the Florida Keys: Oceanus, v. 31, p. 46-53. Shinn, E.A., 1997, Dust and Caribbean-wide coral reef decline: An hypothesis (abstract): Oceanography Society, 5th Scientific Meeting, Seattle, WA, p. 44. Shinn, E.A., Halley, R.B., Hudson, J.H., and Lidz, B.H., 1977b, Limestone compaction: An enigma: Geology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 21-24. Shinn, E.A., Halley, R.B., Hudson, J.H., and Lidz, B.H., 1978, Limestone compaction: An enigma: Reply: Geology, v. 6, no. 4, p. 199. Shinn, E.A., Hudson, J.H., Halley, R.B., and Lidz, B.H., 1977a, Topographic control and accumulation rate of some Holocene coral reefs, South Florida and Dry Tortugas: International Coral Reef Symposium, 3rd, Miami, FL, Proceedings, v. 2, Biology, p. 1-7. Shinn, E.A., Hudson, J.H., Halley, R.B., Lidz, B.H., Robbin, D.M., and Macintyre, I.G., 1982, Geology and sediment accumulation rates at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, in Rützler, K., and Macintyre, I.G., eds., The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. I. Structure and Communities: Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, no. 12, p. 63-75. Shinn, E.A., Hudson, J.H., Robbin, D.M., and Lidz, B.H., 1981, Spurs and grooves revisited, construction versus erosion, Looe Key Reef, Florida: International Coral Reef Symposium, 4th, Miami, FL, Proceedings, v. 1, Biology, p. 475-483. Shinn, E.A., Kindinger, J.L., Halley, R.B., and Hudson, J.H., 1986, Scuba observations, chapter VIII, in Folger, D.W., ed., Seafloor Observations and Subbottom Seismic Characteristics of OAK and KOA Craters, Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1678, p. Fl-F32. Shinn, E.A., and Lidz, B.H., 1988, Blackened limestone pebbles: Fire at subaerial unconformities, in James, N. P., and Choquette, P.W., eds., Paleokarst: Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 117-131. Shinn, E.A., and Lidz, B.H., 1992, Impact of offshore drilling in the eastern Gulf of Mexico: Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, OTC 6871, p. 517-524. Shinn, E.A., Lidz, B.H., and Dustan, P., 1989a, Impact assessment of exploratory wells offshore South Florida, OCS Study MMS 89-0022: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA, 111 pp. Shinn, E.A., Lidz, B.H., and Hine, A.C., 1991, Coastal evolution and sea-level history: Florida Keys, in Coastal Depositional Systems in the Gulf of Mexico, Quaternary Framework and Environmental Issues: Gulf Coast Section/SEPM Foundation 12th Annual Research Conference, Program with Extended and Illustrated Abstracts, p. 237-239. Shinn, E.A., Lidz, B.H., and Holmes, C.W., 1990, High-energy carbonate sand accumulation, the Quicksands, southwest Florida Keys: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60, no. 6, p. 952-967. Shinn, E.A., Lidz, B.H., Kindinger, J.L., Hudson, J.H., and Halley, R.B., 1989b, Reefs of Florida and the Dry Tortugas: A Guide to the Modern Carbonate Environments of the Florida Keys and the Dry Tortugas: International Geological Congress Field Trip Guidebook T176, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 55 pp. Shinn, E.A., Lidz, B.H., and Reich, C.D., 1993, Habitat impacts of offshore drilling: Eastern Gulf of Mexico, OCS Study MMS 93-0021: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA, 73 pp. Shinn, E.A., Reese, R.S., and Reich, C.D., 1994, Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-276, 116 pp. Shinn, E.A., Reich, C.D., Hickey, D.T., and Lidz, B.H., 2003, Staghorn tempestites in the Florida Keys: Coral Reefs, v. 22, p. 91-97. Shinn, E.A., Reich, C.D., Hickey, D.T., Tihansky, A.B., and Bohlke, J.K., 1997, Tidal pumping drives groundwater flow and seepage of nutrient-rich water in the Florida Keys: American Geophysical Union Ocean Sciences Meeting, Abstracts with Program, OS22k-09, p. OS-80. Shinn, E.A., Reich, C.D., Locker, S.D., and Hine, A.C., 1996, A giant sediment trap in the Florida Keys: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 12, no. 4, p. 953-959. Shinn, E.A., and Robbin, D.M., 1983, Mechanical and chemical compaction in fine-grained shallow-water limestones: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 53, no. 2, p. 0595-0618. Shinn, E.A., Robbin, D.M., Lidz, B.H., and Hudson, J.H., 1983, Influence of deposition and early diagenesis on porosity and chemical compaction in two Paleozoic buildups—Mississippian and Permian age rocks in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, in Harris, P.M., ed., Carbonate Buildups—A Core Workshop: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Annual Meeting, Core Workshop No. 4, Dallas, TX, April 1983, p. 182-222. Shinn, E.A., Seba, D., Griffin, D., Kellogg, C., and Holmes, C.W., 2001, Transatlantic soil dust transport and medical implications (abstract): 19th International Symposium on Man and his Environment in Health and Disease, 7-10 June 2001, Dallas, TX. Shinn, E.A., Smith, G.W., Prospero, J.M., Betzer, P., Hayes, M.L., Garrison, V., and Barber, R.T., 2000, African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 19, p. 3029-3032. Simpson, R.H., 1974, The hurricane disaster-potential scale: Weatherwise, v. 27, p. 169. Smith, N.P., 1994, Long-term Gulf-to-Atlantic transport through tidal channels in the Florida Keys: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 54, no. 3, p. 602-609. Smith, N.P., 1998, Tidal and long-term exchanges through channels in the middle and upper Florida Keys: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 62, no. 1, p. 199-211. Smith, T.J., III, Hudson, J.H., Robblee, M.B., Powell, G.V.N., and Isdale, P.J., 1989, Freshwater flow from the Everglades to Florida Bay: A historical reconstruction based on florescent banding in the coral Solenastrea bournoni: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 44, no. 1, p. 274-282. Sorauf, J.E., and Buster, N.A., 2007, Microarchitectural change in density bands of the scleractinian Montastraea faveolata, Looe Key Reef, Florida Keys, USA: A preliminary report, in Hubmann, B., and Piller, W.E., eds., Proceedings, 9th International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera, Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, v. 17, p. 101-112. Steinen, R.P., Harrison, R.S., and Matthews, R.K., 1973, Eustatic low stand of sea level between 125,000 and 105,000 B.P.: Evidence from the subsurface of Barbados, West Indies: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, p. 63-70. Stolarski, J., 2003, Three-dimensional micro- and nannostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 48, p. 497-530. Stringfield, V.T., and LeGrand, H.E., 1966, Hydrogeology of limestone terranes in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States: Geological Society of America Special Paper, no. 93, 46 pp. Stringfield, V.T., and LeGrand, H.E., 1971, Effects of karst features on circulation of water in carbonate rocks in coastal areas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 14, p. 139-157. Sutherland, K.P., Porter, J.W., and Torres, C., 2004, Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 266, p. 273-302. Swinchatt, J.P., 1965, Significance of constituent composition, texture, and skeletal breakdown in some Recent carbonate sediments: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 71-90. Szabo, B.J., and Halley, R.B., 1988, 230Th/234U ages of aragonitic corals from the Key Largo Limestone of south Florida (abstract): American Quaternary Association, Program and Abstracts of the Tenth Biennial Meeting, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, p. 154. T Talma, A.S., and Vogel, J.C., 1993, A simplified approach to calibrating 14C dates: Radiocarbon, v. 35, no. 2, p. 317-322. Thompson, J.H., and Bright, T.J., 1977, Effects of drill mud on sediment clearing rate of certain hermatypic corals: American Petrologic Institute, Washington, D.C., Publication no. 4284, p. 495-498. Thorp, E.M., 1935, Calcareous shallow-water marine deposits of Florida and the Bahamas: Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication No. 452, Papers of the Tortugas Laboratory, v. 29, p. 37-143. Tomascik, T., and Sander, F., 1985, Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals: I. Growth rate of the reef-building coral Montastrea annularis: Marine Biology, v. 87, p. 143-155. Toscano, M.A., 1996, Late Quaternary Stratigraphy, Sea-Level History, and Paleoclimatology of the Southeast Florida Outer Continental Shelf: Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, 280 pp. Toscano, M.A., and Lundberg, J., 1998, Early Holocene sea-level record from submerged fossil reefs on the southeast Florida margin: Geology, v. 26, no. 3, p. 255-258. Toscano, M.A., and Lundberg, J., 1999, Submerged late Pleistocene reefs on the tectonically stable S.E. Florida margin: High-precision geochronology, stratigraphy, resolution of substage 5a sea-level elevation, and orbital forcing: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 18, p. 753-767. Tucker, M.E., 1985, Shallow-marine carbonate facies and facies models, in Brenchley, P.J., and Williams, B.P.J., eds., Sedimentology—Recent Developments and Applied Aspects: The Geological Society, Blackwell Scientific Publications, p. 147-169. Tucker, W., 1997, Treasure hunting as an industry in the keys, in Gallagher, D., Causey, B.D., Gato, J., and Viele, J., eds., The Florida Keys Environmental Story, A Panorama of the Environment, Culture and History of Monroe County, Florida: Seacamp Association, Inc., Big Pine Key, FL, p. 134-137. Turmel, R.J., and Swanson, R.G., 1976, The development of Rodriguez Bank, a Holocene mudbank in the Florida reef tract: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 46, no. 3, p. 497-518. V Vacher, H.L, Wightman, M.J., and Stewart, M.T., 1992, Hydrology of meteoric diagenesis: Effect of Pleistocene stratigraphy on freshwater lenses of Big Pine Key, Florida, in Fletcher, C.H., III, and Wehmiller, J.F., eds., Quaternary Coasts of the United States: Marine and Lacustrine Systems: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 48, p. 213-219. W Walsh, J.J., and Steidinger, K.A., 2001, Saharan dust and Florida red tides: The cyanophyte connection: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. C6, p. 11,597-11,612. Wanless, H.R., 1989, The inundation of our coastlines: Past, present and future with a focus on South Florida: Sea Frontiers, v. 35, no. 5, p. 264-271. Weir, J.R., Garrison, V., Shinn, E., and Smith, G.W., 2000, The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms (abstract): International Coral Reef Symposium, 9th, Bali, Indonesia, p. 78. Wilkinson, C., 2000, Status of coral reefs of the world: 2000, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/gcrmn/status2000.pdf (last accessed 12/27/07). Wilkinson, C.R., 1993, Coral reefs of the world are facing widespread devastation: Can we prevent this through sustainable management practices? International Coral Reef Symposium, 7th, Guam, Proceedings, v. 1, p. 11-21. Williams, D.E., Hallock, P., Talge, H.K., Harney, J.N., and McRae, G., 1997, Responses of Amphistegina gibbosa populations in the Florida Keys (U.S.A.) to a multi-year stress event (1991-1996): Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 27, no. 4, p. 264-269. Y Yonge, C.M., 1940, The Biology of Reef-Building Corals: Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29, British Museum of Natural History, London, Scientific Reports, v. 1, no. 13, chapter 4(c), "The Effect of Sediment," p. 362-365. continue to: Disclaimer

Coastal & Marine Geology Program > Center for Coastal & Watershed Studies > Professional Paper 1751